City Of Joy :: essays research papers

"His suffering was transformed into surprise then peace, the peace that comes from being loved" (C.O.J. p. 254). In the book the City of Joy Hasari, Mother Theresa, Stephan Kolvaski and Max Loeb all experienced the joy and helpfulness that comes from being loved. Their problems and troubles through out the book help them to understand how to make it through tough times. Examples from this book and life show that modern medicine is not always the best way to help the sick or injured. Peoples love and kindness for each other is the most valuable gift you can give someone."This city isn't all that inhuman" (C.O.J. p. 82). Hasari said this when he was able to become a rickshawpuller. When Pam Chander befriended Hasari he saved him and his family from starvation. Ram showed Hasari that there was a still king person in a city, that was thought of as cruel. After Hasari started his job he was able to feed and buy treats for his family. Ram and Hasari's friendship continued to grow while working together. They also continued to help each other out in times of need.Ram Chandler not only got Hasari a job, he helped teach him about the rickshaw business and life in Calcutta. Ram showed Hasari where to get business and how to help the soreness from pulling. Another thing he taught Hasari was how to hide any illness he got. Ram also reminded Hasari how lucky he was to have what he did have. "Good old Ram, there was no one quire like him for making you realize that there was always someone worse off than you"(C.O.J. p. 161)."Jesus of Anand Nagar, you know that I am here simply to share- so that together they and I can show you that we love you- you and your father, the father of mercy, the father who sent you, the father who forgives" (C.O.J. p. 161). This is a prayer Stephan Kolvaski said when he first arrived in Calcutta. Kolvaski used his faith and love with to come to Calcutta to help the needy. Even when the people of India didn't share the blame beliefs he did, he helped feed the starving and cure the sick. His kindness helped many people in his village. Kolvaskis fight to help the poor brought him and Bandonna together. Bandonna has a way with the sick the hungry like on one else did.

Molecular Mass by Freezing Point Depression Essay

Analysis: 1.)Determine ___ for the solution of cetyl alcohol and of the unknown substance in BHT. 2.)Calculate the molality of the cetyl alcohol solution and use it to calculate the value of the freezing point depression constant,____, for BHT. 3.)Use the calculated value of ___ to find the molecular mass of the unknown solute. Discussion: 1.Give a definition of colligative properties. 2.Draw a phase diagram of a pure substance, and show how addition of a solute affects this diagram. 3.What is the least precise measurement? How does this limit your significant digits? 4.Why is it advantageous to choose a solvent that has a large value for ____? 5.Explain why the pure solvent shows a level horizontal curve as solidification occurs, but the curve for the solution slopes downward slightly. Conclusion: I answered the objective because I was able to determine the molecular mass of the unknown substance by finding the change in freezing point of BHT when the unknown substance was dissolved in it. I learned how to apply __fp and molality. Two errors that could’ve occurred were timing the freezing point  correctly and we might not have had one centimeter in the capillary tube. We didn’t know that we were supposed to stop timing after it started to become transparent, so our timings were all from when the whole centimeter of solution was transparent (except for trial 2). This would have affected our results by making our melting point temperature higher than it really should be. Since we didn’t have exactly one centimeter, the reader could have not seen when it first started. Thus, our time would’ve been higher than it should be too. Two improvements would be making sure we have exactly one centimeter or more in our capillary tubes and possibly just timing our results for a more

The Last Of The Mohicans - 1611 Words

James Fenimore Cooper and Racism Racism. It runs rampant in today’s society, let alone early American literature. In most early American literature, the prospect of interracial relationships and people from races other than Caucasian were looked at through fear-tinted lenses and seen as undesirable and distasteful. In examining James Fenimore Cooper’s novel The Last of the Mohicans, readers can discover that Cooper feels there are problems that can arise due to the mingling of races, while overcoming racial barriers and having interracial relationships can result in advantages. Examining his literature can give much insight into his mind and how he feels about people of color. The character of Cora Munro best shows Cooper’s ideals and opinions on this topic. Cora, daughter to Colonel Munro and sister to Alice Munro, is revealed to be half African-American and, therefore, the personification of Cooper’s view on interracial relationships. As Zoà « Ludski sa ys, in her essay My Coloured Thoughts: Last of the Mohicans and Perceptions of Mixed Race Peoples, â€Å"throughout the novel, Cora is complemented for her strength and courage, especially compared with that of her sister.† However, even though she is constantly being described as having more bravery and strength than her sister, she still views herself as less than and in her mind she views herself as a â€Å"freak of nature† (Ludski). Cora also, due to her race and her morals, believes that people should not be judged ofShow MoreRelatedThe Last Of The Mohicans969 Words   |  4 Pages The Film The Last of the Mohicans details the experiences of three members of a dying Native American tribe known as the Mohicans during the midst of the French and Indian War (1754-1763). In the film, a Mohican chief named Chingachgook along with his son Uncas and his adopted white son by the name of Nathaniel Poe are on a journey west in search of a new home. Along the way, Nathaniel Poe is recruited to escort the two daughters of British Army Colonel Edmund Munro to Fort William Henry in theRead MoreThe Last Of The Mohicans865 Words   |  4 PagesJames Fenimore Cooper’s most well known novel is The Last of the Mohicans. This book has been adapted into TV movies, cartoons, and films. His story helped readers understand the importance Native Americans played in history. This period was known as the French and Indian War. Great Britain and France were fighting for control over North America. Worldwide, this conflict was known as the Seven Years War. Both would go on to last from 1754 to 1763. Each side would make allies with Native AmericanRead MoreThe Last Of The Mohicans931 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Last of the Mohicans† is a historical film directed by Michael Mann about the emerging love of two people as conflict, war and tragedy churns around them. The movie is set in 1757 in the midst of the French and Indian War. The characters and events in this movie help to reinforce the material covered in this course, such as the alliances formed between various Indian tribes and the French in an attempt to defeat the British. Fort William Henry was a British fort located in the colony of NewRead MoreThe Last Of The Mohicans1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe Last of the Mohicans Thesis This essay will consider why interracial love and friendships use to be important for the survival of some people, how it made conflict amongst people surrounded by one another , and what could have possibly happened if interracial relationships had not been desired. In the book , The Last of the Mohicans. SECTION HEADER The main thesis I wanted to focus on and the only one that caught my attention in this book would be Interracial love and friendships in The LastRead MoreReview Of The Last Of The Mohicans 1878 Words   |  8 PagesTayseer Abdelsalam 12/15/16 Early American Literature: Critique #3 The Book vs The Movie The main difference between, The Last of the Mohicans, book by James Fenimore Cooper and the last of the Mohicans movie, is that the book has a more adventurous theme and the moive has a more romantic and love them. I felt that both stories were extremely interesting. Due to the text’s complexityz and the author’s peculiar writing style, it took me quite a while to get into the story, thus reducingRead More The Last Of The Mohicans Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages In The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper, historical romance is apparent through settings, characters and plots. Cooper is considered by many critics to be the father of the American historical romance. Fred Lewis Patee said, Not only was Cooper the pioneer (of the historical romance) in America, and thus worthy of the highest praise, but in many respects his romances have never been surpassed.; (212) Cooper celebrated the creative spirit of the individual and had a deep appreciationRead More the last of the mohicans Essay718 Words   |  3 Pages The Last Of the Mohicans The film is set in 1757, the third year of war between England and France for the possession of the continent. The center of the story is the most notorious event of the French and Indian War; the so-called massacre of British troops, women and children by General Montcalms Indian allies after the British surrender of Fort William Henry to the French on 9th August 1757. The Struggle between the French a nd English for control of North America became apparent in the lateRead MoreSummary Of The Last Of The Mohicans 1128 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing prevalence of miscegenation, and James Fenimore Cooper fictionalizes several of them in his oeuvre. The two groups nonetheless had numerous conflicts, which led to racist opinions and prejudices on both sides. James Fenimore Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans, while endowing humanity to the Native Americans through certain character portrayals, actually reinforces stereotypes about Native Americans and ultimately suggests that they are an inferior race to whites. In the novel, Europeans feel superiorRead More Last of the Mohicans Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesLast of the Mohicans Last of the Mohicans is set in 1757 in the third year of a war in North America over land and territory. Mostly, the war is between the English and the French, but each side has taken up Indian allies to assist them. The main story in the Last of the Mohicans is the love of an adopted Mohican, Hawk-eye, and Cora, the daughter of an English general. There are also other stories embedded in the movie, which are harder to recognize. For instance, a second love story betweenRead MoreEssay about The Last of the Mohicans1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe Last of the Mohicans James Fenimore Cooper’s the Last of the Mohicans is a gripping novel that depicts the travel of 7 people through the dangerous woods of western New York in the late 18th century. The story takes place during the French and Indian war at the height of conflict. Major Duncan Heyward is accompanying singer David Gamut and the two daughters of the English colonel Munro from Fort Edward to Fort William Henry. Along the way, the four travelers discover that their Indian

Monty Python And The Holy Grail Analysis - 724 Words

Witch Hunts and Coconuts Monty Python and the Holy Grail portrays satire in the storyline following King Arthur and his knights of the round tables expedition for the Holy Grail throughout England during the Middle Ages. Monty Python is a satirical movie meaning it’s purpose is to make individuals in society laugh and then think. Satire seeks to influence our opinions and world.The film Monty Python and the Holy Grail uses unexpected logic as well as unexpected events to expose ignorance within mankind during the Middle Ages. The coconut scene exemplifies ignorance of the leaders in the Middle Ages, especially when masses ignore the relevance of a topic. The coconut scene consists of King Arthur of Camelot, and his servant imitating horse†¦show more content†¦The scene of the witch hunt reveals the ignorance that occurs when individuals are poorly educated and easily influenced. The scene depicts a group of commoners claiming a girl is a witch, later asking a knight to confirm whether she is or not. Then the knight continues to use illogical reasonings to justify their accusation. As the scene progresses the ridicule of justice systems and it’s ways of making a verdict becomes much clearer, as the knight is questioning the mobs reasonings. When the knight asks â€Å"How do you known she is a witch?† the crowd simply answers â€Å"She looks like one!† The crowds assumption reveals how ignorance is lead through poor education in this case of what makes a witch, a witch. Discrim ination toward certain groups is yet another target as the mob is stuck on the idea that she is a witch. The discrimination is displayed through unexpected logic as their ways of justifying their verdict make no sense nor is it relevant to the matter at hand. When the poor women is being weighed in comparison to a duck unexpected event is exhibited as they are of equal weight making the audience laugh. King Arthur and the mob make light of the womans death, understating the importance of human life . The trial still relates to modern topics of today for race, sex, and arguments with conflicting reports from both parties, both still play a major role in our legal system no matter how fair society claims it to be, for innocentShow MoreRelated Thomas Malory’s Le Morte Darthur and Monty Python and the Holy Grail2221 Words   |  9 PagesDarthur and Monty Python and the Holy Grail Professor’s comment: This student uses a feminist approach to shift our value judgment of two works in a surprisingly thought-provoking way. After showing how female seduction in Malory’s story of King Arthur is crucial to the story as a whole, the student follows with an equally serious analysis of Monty Python’s parody of the female seduction motif in what may be the most memorable and hilarious episode of the film. Much of the humor in Monty PythonRead MoreA Brief Analysis of Life of Brian Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesMonty Python’s Life of Brian is more than just a mere comedy; it is a Biblical, religious, and political satire. Like all Python films, Life of Brian seems to educate the viewer while at the same time providing entertainment. Unfortunately not all of the elements in Life of Brian occurred in real life, which takes away from the validity of the plot. While not everything is accurate, it seems that a majority of the film could be considered genuine. In order to understand an analysis of the filmRead MorePostmodernism, By Jean Francois Lyotard2006 Words   |  9 Pagesdisplayed is. At face value, this text presents itself to be a remaking of the most famous Arthurian myth, bridging from the Lady of the Lake to the Holy Grail. This first layer of The Hero’s Journey is the fact that this text is presented almost as a remastering but parodies the entire plot, and still follows the same style of story of the Holy Grail. In a sense, this text seeks to prove how all the epics are the same by doing the absurd while following the exact same pattern as them all, questioning

Segregation And The United Kingdom s Policy And Practice

This assignment will define segregation and dependency in relation to the United Kingdom’s Policy and Practice. How arguments from activist have been put forward and if they have change over time, this assignment will identify any strengths, limitation and weaknesses and demonstrate how these can be improved, maintained or adapted to facilitate success in other areas of policy. Dependency means lack of independence or self-sufficiency, being abnormally tolerant and to depend on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming. A geographical area politically controlled by a distant country. Dependency is where a person is controlled by another, where they have emotional, physical or financial need for a thing, (Dictionary,†¦show more content†¦Models such as the religious model, the medical/genetic model and the social/human rights model have had a huge impact on the way people with impairments are treated within society. Out of all the models the main model is the medical model, this model ascended together with and was fully sustained by the advances in sciences and medicine. The power was given to the medical professions to order the lives of those with impairments, (BRAIN.HE, 2006). Before the twentieth century, social outlooks reflected the views of many that people with disabilities which viewed disabled people as unhealthy, flawed and abnormal. For many years, society as a whole treated disabled people as objects out of fear and pity. The predominant approach was that disabled individuals were incompetent of partaking in and contributing to society and that they must depend on welfare or charitable organizations, (Burtner, 2016). Towards the end of the 1800’s, institutions were built by the state and local organizational agencies to house people with developmental impairments. The institutions were commonly built on the borders of the city. Social attitudes adopted this segregating style of managing. Segregating from society stigmatizes people. (Burtner, 2016). In 1834, a new poor law was put in place, many people welcomed the law as they believed it would, help reduce the cost of caring for the poor, remove poor people off the streets and also encourage

Difference Systematic and Traditional Narrative Literature Review

Question: Discuss about the Difference And Comparison Between Systematic Literature Review And Traditional Narrative Literature Review. Answer: Introduction The given literature review is based on analysis of five journal articles which has been provided in MyLo. . These papers demonstrate the difference and comparison between systematic literature review and traditional narrative literature review. All the given papers have been analyzed according to the given strengths and weaknesses. Comparison of themes of the articles The first paper Journal of Criminal Justice education provided in the MyLO is enabling reader to effectively write literature review that is regarded as the critical tool for professional careers and academics. Focus of literature review is to study the research questions and it should start from reading the topics in wider concept and then down to analyzing the specific issue. Literature knowledge enables the researcher to enhance the conceptual sensitivity, provide the source for making comparisons, stimulating questions during the analysis and it helps in modeling ways for making claims concerning the possible significance of work (Wong et al. 2013). The theme of third paper is writing up phase of literature review and discussing about review characteristics that confirms the authors authenticity as trustworthy scholar. Important component of research and their essential background is discussed in the paper. Literature review purpose and its outset needs to be identified by users. Literature review needs be contextualize relating to other studies that helps in offering new insight. Paper also identifies the issues faced by researcher while conducting literature review and this involves demonstrating the profound gasp of all the aspects that needs to be investigated. The nature of study is dependent upon the degree to which theoretical knowledge is developed. Literature review can be reviewed with the help of tools such as analyzing, locating and critiquing studies. For viewer intending to contrast studies contrast and compare studies, it is require to conduct critical assessment. On the contrary, the second paper about being systematic in information systems. For conducting literature review in information system, there are several approaches and guidelines. Systematic literature review is the theme of paper along with its procedures and origin. With respect to information system discipline, there has been a notable increase in reference to systematic literature review. The adoption of systematic approach is based on scientific principles that helps in elimination of bias judgment and need for transparency. Literature review in field of information systems are gaining experience arising from the superiority of systematic literature review. This helps in assessing the state of knowledge in a problem domain and weakness identification for carrying further research. Scientific evidence is considered worthy of inclusion and these results in making some other interesting evidence irreverent. On the other side, the article presented in the fourth paper provided in MyLo is about step-to-step guidance and approach that needs to be followed while conducting literature review. Undertaking literature review by nurses is considered difficult, as the composite range of skills are demanded for acquiring such skills required by conducting literature review. This would help researcher in facilitating the process of literature review by presentation of critical elements. This particular paper focuses on process of research by demonstrating the narrative and traditional review. Reviewing of the previous work or literature helps reviewer in summarizing and synthesizing particular area of subject by congregation volume of literature work. The theme of paper is to highlight the significance of new are of research and demonstrate the comprehensive knowledge and significance of new area of research. Literature review is undertaken by research due to several reasons attributable to non-res earch. A detailed discussion of systematic review has been demonstrated in the article discussed and the precise criteria of literature is also provided. Literature review on particular topic is critically evaluated by considering the results of number of studies. Furthermore, the article provide detailed explanation of Meta synthesis and meta-analysis. Met analysis is considered as the statistical techniques and meta synthesis is a technique that is non-statistical (Wong G et al. 2013). The last paper provided is about writing narrative styles relating to literature review. Article provided discusses about usefulness of reviews in conducting clinical research while practice guidelines studies and designing studies. Article demonstrates two standard types of review that involves non-systematic and systematic review. Medical writers are assigned with the task of review writing. Theme of article discussed is recommendation the best way for preparing narrative review in clinical research area. Comparison is made by listing down the differences between the two type of writing in relation to their application areas, writing and objectives. Objectivity of the papers The themes identified in first paper are why discussing and writing up literature review is an essential part of research. Writer needs to educate himself about the topic and establishing the prior knowledge about research topic helps in making as strong as possible. A comprehensive view of the chosen topic is involved in the literature review. Sub themes of literature review focus on various aspects that takes into consideration individual concepts. Writer is also required to take into consideration quantitative and qualitative studies and there exists differences between writing literature review for both types of studies. The construction of literature review depend upon whether the research question is qualitative or qualitative. There are limitations in every types of research. All the above themes needs to be drawn by researcher that helps in strengthening the arguments made by reader in the study. Writing process has natural progression and it is required by writer to fill the relevant gaps after writing has started. The major themes when writing literature review is the identification of the research question related to topics and deciding upon whether to perform qualitative or quantitative studies (Aveyard2014). The sub themes of the paper is to find the source for writing literature review that serves as the building block as it helps in the construction of entire structure. Themes can be further developed reading and finding the source of sub topics that will be included in the literature review. Another sub theme is to support the sub findings of many topics from as many source as possible. Citation is the sub theme of literature review that is required to be double-checked for that they are cited in the original document correctly. Methodology is another focus point of carrying out research and writer develops a new way of framing methodology if there is exists weakness in prior methodology. Evaluation techniques for writing literature review is placing the topics in a logical order so that reader is able to understand the idea and enabling them to make a coherent argument throughout the work (Booth et al. 2014). Completion of literature review should have an appropriate ending and writi ng the same in appropriate way assist professional and academics in enhancing their learning process. Subthemes of the paper is some of the assumptions that has been made in database researches. One of the key process for producing literature review is database searches. In order to avoid inclusion of irrelevant literature, it is essential for research conducting research work in information system to identify the efficient database searches. The distinguishing quality of conducting literature review in information system as per the systematic review guideline is replicability and objectivity. Review outcome concerning these two factors is not guaranteed by systematic literature review. Subjective judgment forms the basis of systematic literature review that cannot be replicable. Systematic literature review concerning information system has various reports with replicability and inter rater reliability. This is attributable to the fact that there is no well-established terminology and phenomena are described in different ways and paraphrased. A good coverage of relevant publications is provided by relevant publications with the help of underlying assumptions (Murphy 2013). Sub theme of the paper is that high quality in literature review can be guaranteed by ensuring replicability, scientific objectivity and review process control claimed by systematic review. Furthermore, the adoption of systematic approach is limited and conditions are disregarded resulting from their uncritical adoption. However, it is questioned that whether the systematic literature review provides the researcher with superiors approach for literature review. The study undertaken by researcher will be able to complete by integrating the reviewed material into something meaningful that helps in depicting the conceptual relevance and logical connectedness to the study. Another step while reviewing literature is reviewing the literature review while maintaining internal consistency. It has been demonstrated in this particular paper that there is requirement of dominating the authority of literature review because it should be known by reader that literature argument should be supported by reviewer command. Article discusses about that there are three attributes of scholarship in literature review and there are two levels of work for writers at literature review. This is in the aspect of researcher and the study itself that is carried out. It is essential for writer to carefully consider the purpose of literature review and one of the source of satisfying strategy is the reports and organization of articles. Moreover, on part of reviewer, it is not essential only to prepare the report; there are some other tasks that is required to be done. This involves verification and explication. The most common reason for carrying out literature review is demonstrated in the paper for developing an argument in the report and enhancing it. In all the phases of research, there is need to have comprehensive literature. Credibility of work of researcher is taken into consideration by considering all the relevant aspects. Development of an argument while reviewing the literature review enables the researcher. Some of the sub themes presented in the article is about the selection of research topic, process or step involved in carrying out literature review, synthesizing and analyzing the literature. Furthermore, writing and structuring of the review after the appraisal of research is completely done by reviewer. Findings of literature review should be demonstrated in such a way that the knowledge developed is presented in consistent and clear way. Article gives in depth analysis and discussion of systematic literature review along with the narrative review by demonstrating their advantages and disadvantages. Review needs to be framed in the process of literature review. Article involves the feature of methodology of systematic review in line with searching for narrative review. Another essential part of literature review is the inclusion of methodologies critical review. Article depicts that while carrying out the process of literature review, it is required to address some of the contradictions and inconsistencies while performing the literature review. It is essential for the review or the researcher writing the literature review that writing is a skill that needs to be learned and knowledge of nursing are enhanced by involving them in reviewing the literature along with systematic reviewing. This is so because the evidence based practice will help them in enhancing the care for patients. Sub themes involves on the preparation of literature review is the literature search that is not considered mandatory for narrative research, search terms, selection criteria, critical assessment, text crafting. The evaluation technique of the themes discussed in the article is depicted by way of critically assessing and reviewing different issues related to analysis, accuracy methods and coherence. Evaluation of the study presented in the article can be done by looking at the points such as result interpretation, quality of obtained results, limitations, key results, conclusion impact on field and testing the initial results by using suitability of methods (Booth et al. 2016). There can be the certainty of inconsistencies in the study that needs to be highlighted by making the best contributions. However , if there is any missing evidence in the article, review or reader needs to have the integration of new articles. Conclusion It can be said that for the medical literature synthesis, the cornerstone is considered as the narrative review. Article depicts that quality of narrative review can be improved and enhanced by establishment of relevance criteria for selection, emphasizing the well-defined issues. Inadequate reporting influences the translation, interpretation and public research application and considering this, it is considered crucial to have methodological approach to narrative review. References: Aveyard, H., 2014.Doing a literature review in health and social care: A practical guide. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Booth, A., Sutton, A. and Papaioannou, D., 2016.Systematic approaches to a successful literature review. Sage. Liumbruno GM, Velati C, Pasqualetti P, Franchini M.,2013How to write a scientific manuscript for publication.Blood Trans;11:217226. Murphy CM. ,2012Writing an effective review article. JMed Toxicol;8:8990. Wong G, Greenhalgh T, Westhorp G, Buckingham J,Pawson R., 2013 RAMESES publication standard: realisticsyntheses. BMC Med;11:21.

Java Programming Principles

Questions: Task 11.1 Discuss the principles, characteristics and features of programming in Java.1.2 Critically evaluate the environmental flexibility of programming in Java.Task 22.1 Design a Java programming solution based on the above scenario.2.2 Explain the components, data and file structures required to implement a given design.Task 33.1 Implement a Java programming solution based on a prepared design.3.2 Define relationships between objects to implement design requirements3.3 Implement object behaviours using control structures to meet the design algorithms.3.4 Identify and implement opportunities for error handling and reporting.3.5 Make effective use of an integrated development environment including code and screen templatesTask 44.1 Critically review and test a Java programming solution.4.2 Analyse test results against expected results to identify discrepancies.4.3 Evaluate independent feedback on a developed Java program solution and make recommendations for improvements.4.4 Create user documentation for the development of Java programming solution.4.5 Create technical documentation for the support and maintenance of a Java programming solution Answers: Introduction Java is an example of an OOP (Object Oriented Program) (Klein, 2005). So it must support all the basic principles of an OOP language (Okal, 2012). Thus the principles of java and hence of an OOP language is- Encapsulation: This means binding together of date and then putting them under a single block. In a car, there are a large number of systems that co-exist together(Mittal, 2013). Changing the gears does not turn on the headlights and bulling brakes does not accelerate the car. Hence all these systems are at the same place and are controlled by a single person (driver) but none is interfering with each other with their functioning. The basic example of encapsulation can be obtained from the classes that are used in java. These classes contain the entire block of code within them and no other program can access them unless specific rules are followed. If the methods of a class are declared private, them they cannot be overwritten(Lakkis, 2007). Also if a class is declared private, then the class can only be inherited and no object creation can be allowed for that class anywhere within the program. Hence that class and its methods are protected by encapsulation (Rebek, 2005). Inheritance: This is another OOP principle which enables the program to inherit the properties from another class (Flanagan, 2005). The inherited class is called the parent class while the classes that inherit the parent class are termed as child class. Now for inheritance the child class gets all the methods and variables of the parent class. Also the Object of the parent class can be created with the reference of the child (Raposa, 2003). There are two forms of inheritance-multiple, multi-level. In multiple inheritances, more than one class can be inherited at the same time. Consider an example in case of an airport an aircraft uses its landing gear to make turns, take-off, and land on the landing strip. Also it is primarily used for flying. In that respect the aircraft is a flying vehicle and it is also a ground-vehicle (since it can move on the landing strips) (Link and Frlich, 2003). Hence the aircraft inherits the properties of both these classes at the same time. This is multiple inheritan ces. In multi-level inheritances, only one class can be inherited a t a time. But there is a type of hierarchy.This means that if A class inherits B, then C inherits A, C gets the methods of A by default. Example golden retriever is a dog, which in turn is a mammal which in turn is an animal. So this makes Golden terrier a mammal, an animal, and also a dog (Cadenhead, 2012). This is termed as multi-level inheritance. Polymorphism: This word comes from the Greek words poly meaning means many, morph means form. Hence polymorphism means many forms (Eckel, 2000). This means that a single problem in java can be approached from three different ends. In a normal programming language, that does not implement any OOP principles (Link and Frlich, 2003), if we were to implement a stack for different data types, then we would have needed 3 or four different structures with different names. In each case the same algorithm is being used only the data types used are different. But in JAVA we can name all these under the same implementation of stack (Sierra and Bates, 2005). Hence our work is greatly reduced and we are also able to use the same name for different implementations of the same program. In JAVA polymorphism is simply implanted by the use of interfaces (Byrne and Cross, 2009). If a class implements an interface then it must implement the methods that are written in the interface. Characteristics of java: It is simple to code and decode. It is an object oriented programming language (Hubbard, 2001). It is highly secure. It can be implemented on any form of machine. The main reason for this is java compiles the program into byte code (Riccardi, 2001). Now this byte code file is not compiler dependent, hence the file can run on Windows, Linux, and Mac etc. It has in-built support for multithreading. The most important part of java program comes from its usage to code applets and hence is used extensively for coding websites. It can be used to code and run graphical applications. It is robust as it is error-free and has severe typing restrictions and also various run-time checking methods are used (Wampler, 2002). It supports the use of interfaces. It can be easily linked to any other program. There is inbuilt support for garbage collection and it has a very simplified exception handling capabilities. Task 1.2 JAVA provides a great flexibility to the programmers. Often when we create program, other people may change the basic functions created, or overwrite them. This may lead to crashing of the program (Horstmann, 2008). In JAVA, this problem is completely avoided by adding the prefix final; as a result this class or method to which the prefix is added cannot be altered in any way. Also the use of interfaces makes programming easier (Horstmann, 2005). Any class in java that implements the interface must overwrite the methods that are mentioned within the interface. Also the use of keyword abstract, allows the user to use declared methods without any sort of body. Also any class that inherits this abstract class must override this method within it. The garbage correction algorithm of java is also very unique and advanced. There is no need for releasing the allocated memories (as in case of C++), because in java, when the compiler cannot find the reference of any object it deletes the objec t any kind of variables that it was holding (Morelli, 2000). Also the exception handling capabilities of java is extremely helpful. In C, when there was an arithmetic exception like division by 0, the program used to hang and had to be stopped manually, but in JAVA, the program gives the location of the place and also the cause of the problem and exits the program. This is extremely helpful for debugging large programs. Task 2.1 The above task has told us to design a java program that can act as a student database manager. It must be able to take in the students first name, last name, their date of birth, their ID number, course enrolled by them, mobile number, their address etc (Lewis and Chase, 2005). Now the administrator must be able to view the details of any student he wishes. He must also be able to delete the entire database, or a single student, update and also enter the details of any student. In order to do all this with a JAVA program, we must first build a class named student that can contain these variables with data within it. This class can then be manipulated from the main class by creating an object for each student. Then all these objects must be linked somehow to form an entire list of students which are really classes with each one holding their own respective data. Also care must be taken to note that the entire system can only handle a maximum number of students. Task 2.2 In the given problem, we are describing a class named Student that has the variables for holding data like last name, first name, DOB, Address, mobile number, etc. All these variables have their respective data types like address is stored in a string, DOB in float, etc. Now, in the main program named, StudentDatabaseManagement an array of Student objects are created of size 200. This means that the database is capable of holding 200 students. This number can be increased or decreased by editing the array size of the object array in the main program. Now, we use a switch case algorithm which allows us to have many options like entering details of a student, clearing the database, deleting a student, viewing the students etc. In the main program, we have a special variable that is used to track the number the number of students. This number is incremented when a new student is admitted to the database. Now also in each student object there is a variable to track the number at which he / she has been admitted into the database. This is important because in case of deletion, a space in the middle of the array is empty (Deitel and Deitel, 2012). Hence, in such a case we must shift the students below that space to make the array a continuous one with no empty spaces in between. As a result the array can only be empty from the end. There should not be any gap in between the array to conserve the space. The algorithm required to shift the students one space above is located under the case that is responsible for deleting the students and it also decrements the variable that is used to track the total number of students in the array. Also, proper control checks are provided at each level so that the age limit for entry into the institution can be set. This is done by using a variable that holds the year after which the candidate must be born in order to take admission. If the year is before that specified a error message is displayed. Various exception checks are also p rovided so that proper data is entered into the proper cases. When the entire database is empty, then a proper error message is displayed and similar thing when the database is empty. Task 3.1 The code of the main program is given below. It consists of two classes namely Student, StudenyDatabaseManagement (main class). StudenyDatabaseManagement packagestudentdatabasemanagement; importjava.util.Scanner; public class StudentDatabaseManagement extends Exception{ public static void main(String[] args) { int index=0; int cases; boolean switching=true; intallowed_date=1988;//sets age limit for entry Student[] studentdatabase=new Student[200]; Student[] studentdatabasecopy=new Student[200]; for(int i=0;i10;i++) { studentdatabase[i]=new Student(); studentdatabasecopy[i]=new Student(); } Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in); while(switching){ System.out.println("Enter your choice:n1)Enter Studentn2)See all Studentsn3)see single Student detail"); System.out.println("4)Delete all studentsn5)Updaten6)Delete single studentn7)Exit"); System.out.println("Enter your choice"); cases=s.nextInt(); switch(cases){ case 1: { try { if(index==10){ throw new Exception(); } } catch(Exception a){ System.out.println("Database full"); } index++; studentdatabase[index]=new Student(); System.out.println("Enter the roll number of the student(max 10 digits):"); studentdatabase[index].stud_roll=s.nextInt(); s.nextLine(); System.out.print("Enter the last name of the student:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_lastname=s.nextLine(); System.out.print("nEnter the course under which student is enrolled:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_course=s.nextLine(); System.out.println("Enter the month when student was born in digits:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_mon=s.nextInt(); while(studentdatabase[index].stud_mon12) { System.out.println("Wrong Data, Re-Enter:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_mon=s.nextInt(); } System.out.println("Enter the date when student was born in digits:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_date=s.nextInt(); while(studentdatabase[index].stud_date31||(studentdatabase[index].stud_date28studentdatabase[index].stud_mon==2)) { System.out.println("Wrong Data, Re-Enter:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_date=s.nextInt(); } System.out.println("Enter the year when student was born in digits:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_year=s.nextInt(); if(studentdatabase[index].stud_yearallowed_date) { System.out.println("Your ward is not admissable"); switching=false; break; } s.nextLine(); System.out.print("Enter the first name of the student:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_firstname=s.nextLine(); System.out.println("nEnter the mobile number of the student:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_mob_no=s.nextLong(); s.nextLine(); System.out.print("Enter the address of the student:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_add=s.nextLine(); studentdatabase[index].stud_no=index; break; } case 2: { if(index==0){ System.out.println("Database Empty"); } else { for(int count=1;count=index;count++){ System.out.println("Name of student: "+studentdatabase[count].stud_firstname+" "+studentdatabase[index].stud_lastname); System.out.println("Roll no: "+studentdatabase[count].stud_roll); System.out.println("Course enrolled: "+studentdatabase[count].stud_course); System.out.println("DOB: "+studentdatabase[count].stud_date+"/"+studentdatabase[count].stud_mon+"/"+studentdatabase[count].stud_mon); System.out.println("Address: "+studentdatabase[count].stud_add); System.out.println("Mob no: "+studentdatabase[count].stud_mob_no); } } break; } case 3: { try{ if(index==0){ throw new Exception(); } } catch(Exception a){ System.out.println("Database is empty."); break; } int roll2; System.out.println("Enter student roll no:"); roll2=s.nextInt(); for(int count=1;count=index;count++){ if(studentdatabase[count].stud_roll==roll2){ System.out.println("Name of student:"+studentdatabase[count].stud_firstname+" "+studentdatabase[index].stud_lastname); System.out.println("Roll no:"+studentdatabase[count].stud_roll); System.out.println("Course enrolled:"+studentdatabase[count].stud_course); System.out.println("DOB: "+studentdatabase[count].stud_date+"/"+studentdatabase[count].stud_mon+"/"+studentdatabase[count].stud_mon); System.out.println("Address"+studentdatabase[count].stud_add); System.out.println("Mob no:"+studentdatabase[count].stud_mob_no); break; } } break; } case 4: index=0; break; case 5: { System.out.println("Enter the roll number to update the records"); int roll=s.nextInt(); for(int i=1;i=index;i++) { if(roll==studentdatabase[i].stud_roll) { System.out.println("Enter the roll number of the student(max 10 digits):"); studentdatabase[index].stud_roll=s.nextInt(); s.nextLine(); System.out.print("Enter the last name of the student:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_lastname=s.nextLine(); System.out.print("nEnter the course under which student is enrolled:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_course=s.nextLine(); System.out.println("Enter the month when student was born in digits:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_mon=s.nextInt(); while(studentdatabase[index].stud_mon12) { System.out.println("Wrong Data, Re-Enter:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_mon=s.nextInt(); } System.out.println("Enter the date when student was born in digits:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_date=s.nextInt(); while(studentdatabase[index].stud_date31||(studentdatabase[index].stud_date28studentdatabase[index].stud_mon==2)) { System.out.println("Wrong Data, Re-Enter:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_date=s.nextInt(); } System.out.println("Enter the year when student was born in digits:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_year=s.nextInt(); if(studentdatabase[index].stud_yearallowed_date) { System.out.println("Your ward is not admissable"); switching=false; break; } s.nextLine(); System.out.print("Enter the first name of the student:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_firstname=s.nextLine(); System.out.println("nEnter the mobile number of the student:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_mob_no=s.nextLong(); s.nextLine(); System.out.print("Enter the address of the student:"); studentdatabase[index].stud_add=s.nextLine(); } } break; } case 6: { System.out.println(" Enter the roll of the student to be deleted:"); introlldel=s.nextInt(); for(int i=0;iindex;i++) { if(studentdatabase[i].stud_roll!=rolldel) { studentdatabasecopy[i]=studentdatabase[i]; } else { for(int j=i;j(index-1);j++) { studentdatabasecopy[j]=studentdatabase[j+1]; } for(int k=0;kindex;k++) { studentdatabase[i]=studentdatabasecopy[i]; }index--; break; } } break; } case 7: switching=false; break; } } } } Student package studentdatabasemanagement; public class Student { String stud_firstname; String stud_lastname; longstud_mob_no; int stud_roll; intstud_no; String stud_add; String stud_course; intstud_mon; intstud_date; intstud_year; } Task 3.2 In this program we are defining a special class that can hold the different data like DOB, first name, last name, address, etc. Now all these have different variables with respective data types. In the main program we are creating an array of 200 students (Shankar, 2013). Hence the net size of the database created is 200. But defining an array is not enough, in the switch case menu the case that is responsible for the entry of new students, for each student a new "student" class object is defined using the "new" keyword. All the objects created have a reference under the array of "student" classes. Hence each time we want to view a student, we are actually calling to see the data held by each of these objects. The students are tracked by a special variable called index. The value of this index variable gives us the number of objects in the database (Horstmann, 2012). Now this index is each time edited when we enter a new students details. At this point we increment index (Horstmann, 2013). Also each of the students has a number allotted to it called student_no. This is kind of a serial number that gets replaced during deletion. Task 3.3 Various control structures were used in the above program. These included looping systems like while, for loops and also other control statements like if, switch etc. The switch case, which was enclosed in an infinite while loop, was used to switch between the various tasks that were to be performed by the program. The infinite while loop ensured that the switch case statements were shown continuously. Also if the infinite while was not used then to view, enter or update the details of a student each time the program had to be restarted. This can be quite tedious, to say the least (Barnes, 2000). This infinite while loop was maintained by enclosing a Boolean variable (whose value was set to be true) within the condition of the loop. There was an exit condition among the cases that turned this Boolean value to false, hence when the loop tried to run the next time, it exited because while (false) is not allowed. In various cases, the if control statement was used, for checking various values, like if the date of birth was entered 31(by mistake), or the month was entered12 (by mistake). If they were not then (that means correct date and month were applied) then the control statement was avoided. Else the control was transferred to the statements written within the control loop (Keith and Schincariol, 2006). Task 3.4 Exception handling mechanisms are quite useful in java programs. There are many kinds of exceptions in java namely Arithmetic Exception, Array out of bounds exception, etc. They are used to detect the unwanted cases that may cause an error in the program, which in turn may result in crashing of the program. The exception handling capabilities of java are very unique. In case of other programming languages (like c), the program would have crashed if a fatal error like divide by 0 would have occurred. But in Java this does not occur. When java finds an exception in a program, then it stops the execution at that point and throws the exception to the exception handling mechanism. The exception handling mechanism copies the line number where it finds an exception and sends it to the user on the screen along with the cause of the error. Also in case of java we can define our own exceptions and hence not depend on the program to give its own values. Example the age of a man cannot be negati ve, hence in a program if someone entered a negative age then by setting up a proper exception, we can define a proper exception and hence the user gets an error when he/she is trying to enter the incorrect age.In this program, we have used exception handling capabilities of java to make our own exceptions. Here we have used the concept of exception handling at two places. These are checking if the array is full or if it is empty (Reiersl, Baker and Shiflett, 2007). This is quite important as we must make sure that the array is not full each time we try to enter a new student. This is important as if it was not checked, and then the compiler would throw us an exception for overstepping the array bounds. Task 3.5 In this programming an IDE was used. An IDE or Integrated Development Environment is a platform that is used extensively by programmers and software developers alike for development of particular software or even a program.Netbeans was the IDE that was used in the development of this project. The use of IDE has made programming very easy and comfortable. In normal case we could have coded the program in a notepad and then run the program on command prompt to see if there were any errors. But this can be difficult as the command prompt does not give us specific results to what the problem is. It merely gives us the error that was given by the exception handling part of Java runtime. Now for a beginner this can be quite difficult as he is not fully acquainted with all the programming terms. Also the command prompt window does not give any hint to what might have caused the error. But his use of an IDE eliminated all these difficulties. In an IDE, the lines that could an error are detec ted straightaway when they are written by the programmer. In case of using a command prompt, the programmer would have to wait until running the program to get the errors. Also the IDE reduce coding efforts by providing various suggestions according to which a thing can be coded. For example in Netbeans, if we write so and then press Ctrl+Spacebar on the keyboard. Then the written word transforms into System.out.println(). Also during writing variables for loops the available and valid ones were shown on pressing the hint button. Below a few screenshots of the program on Netbeans is shown.