Cultural Awareness

Aliasing a Method in Ruby Takes Simple Programming

Aliasing a Method in Ruby Takes Simple Programming To alias a method or variable name in Ruby is to create a second name for the method or variable. Aliasing can be used either to provide more expressive options to the programmer using the class or to help override methods and change the behavior of the class or object. Ruby provides this functionality with the alias and alias_method keywords. Create a Second Name The alias keyword takes two arguments: the old method name and the new method name. The method names should be passed as labels, as opposed to strings. Labels are used to refer to methods and variables without directly referencing them. If youre a new Ruby programmer, the concept of labels may seem odd, but whenever you see a label like :methodname, just read it as the thing called methodname. The following example declares a new class and creates an alias for the on method called start. #!/usr/bin/env rubyclass Microwavedef onputs The microwave is onendalias :start :onendm Microwave.newm.start # same as m.on Change the Behavior of a Class There may be times when you want to change the behavior of a class after its been declared. You can alias and add new methods to an existing class by creating second class declaration that has the same name as the existing class declaration. You can also add aliases and methods to individual objects using a syntax similar to the inherited class syntax. The behavior of any class can be changed by creating an alias for any method and then creating a new method (with the original method name) that calls the method with the alias. In the following example, a microwave class is declared and an instance is created. The second class declaration uses the alias method to change the behavior of the on method in order to add a warning message. The third class declaration is used to change the behavior of the specific microwave instance to add an even more stern warning. When aliasing a method multiple times, be sure to use different method names to store the old method. #!/usr/bin/env rubyclass Microwavedef on  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  puts Microwave is on  Ã‚  end endm Microwave.newm.onclass Microwave  Ã‚  alias :old_on1 :ondef on  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  puts Warning: Do not insert metal objects!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  old_on1  Ã‚  end endm.on# Message for this specific microwaveclass   Ã‚  def onputs This microwave is weak, add extra timeold_on2endendm.on # Displays extra messagem2 Microwave.newm2.on # Does not display extra message

According to the article and answer the question Assignment - 1

According to the article and answer the question - Assignment Example Furthermore, the assertion that Sifaka have different colors is true. This is because on closer examination of these animals, it is possible to denote that they portray patches of black, gray, white and a gold colored fur. Furthermore, the author accurately describes the physical appearance of the Sifaka. In the description, the Sifaka have a slightly bugged out eyes, long limbs, and special characteristics that enables them to groom themselves (Kappeler, 21). This includes possessing a toilet claw, found in their second toe. It is important to denote that these are the characteristics of the family of Indriidae, and specifically, the genus of Lemur. It is further important to denote that Lemur is vegetarian in nature, and this makes the Sifaka to be vegetarians. On this basis, the writer is correct through the article which asserts that the diet of the Sifaka involves flowers, fruits, leaves, and the bark of a tree. Kappeler (31) also supports the fact that Sifaka likes sunbathing. This is a luxury to them, and it normally occurs when they are not looking for food. On this note, the information given by the author concerning this behavior is correct. Furthermore, the description of the author regarding the gestation period of the female Sifaka is correct. All Lemurs normally have a gestation period of between four to five months. The only shortcoming in this article is the inability of the writer to give information concerning the growth and development of the young

Evolution Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evolution - Term Paper Example This is unlike many treatments of evolution where readers are often confused as a result of being conflated with different definitions of the term. The decision to divide â€Å"Darwinism† into six components makes the understanding of various concepts easy (Coyne, 2009). It is indeed true that, over time, allele rate of recurrence change in an inhabitants. It is also true that different organisms have occupied the earth at different times. The critical role of natural selection is in this is also an undisputed fact. Common ancestry is received positively by a majority within the scientific field (Coyne, 2009). My reflection on common descent is that while it is a defensible position, it is not as much supported as it is made out. Consequently, the points of concern in this chapter, in my view, include the extent to which gradualism is true and the sufficiency of natural selection. The second chapter of the book is ‘written in the rocks.’ It uses fossil evidence to justify common descent. It is indeed true that fossil records show a tendency where simpler organisms precede more complex ones. This is also exactly what one would anticipate as a result of a common origin (Coyne, 2009). A feature that would be absent in Darwin’s theory, but would be the noticeable pattern of morphological difference preceding diversity (Coyne, 2009). In my view, an interesting aspect of the fossil record is that, unlike Darwin’s theory, it ranks the higher taxonomic categories first and, consequently makes them appear first in the taxonomic ranking. There are three main evolutionary transition trends specified by the fossil record i.e. fish to amphibians evolution, reptiles to birds and whales to terrestrial mammals evolution (Coyne, 2009). Accordingly, there are three important insights that emerge from the fossil record. Firstly is that the fossil spells out the evolution process (Coyne, 2009). The records within rocks provide a great deal of

Groups in High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Groups in High School - Essay Example The gentlemen ask questions but only when necessary. They ask questions solely to clarify their concept. Whether or not the class pays attention to their question does not matter to them. All they want is clear concept from the teacher. They don’t tend to become prominent through speaking in the class or acting in the ways that are expected of the capable children. They are quite likely to be seen in spectacles. Most of them lose their eye-sight as a consequence of their obsession with studies. The gentlemen assume a higher status amongst the class fellows. They are idealized by the regulars and envied by the back benchers. The Regulars The regulars are seated in between the gentlemen and the back benchers. They make a bulk of the class and are the main source of income for the schools. They are the question raisers. They raise questions not because they are quite as interested in the lecture, but because they want to make their presence felt. Quite often, the regulars establi sh a gentleman as a benchmark and commit to themselves that they would beat that particular gentleman in the upcoming exam. Sometimes, the regular works hard enough to achieve this goal and thus, be promoted from the status of a regular to a gentleman. The regulars are generally quite vocal about their ambitions and challenges. If one regular establishes a gentleman as a benchmark, his friends would most likely know it. The regulars are all-rounders. They are not bad at studies but also not very good either. They have a wide array of topics to discuss with their friends on everyday basis. They are the first to know which movie is expected to release when and how much business would it do. They know what is going on in the national and international political scenario. In other words, their attention is diverted to so many areas at the same time that they are not able to do as good in studies as they are capable of doing. In a vast majority of cases, the regulars are more brilliant t han the gentleman, but they cannot help paying attention to activities other than studies. If they focus entirely upon their studies, they can do much better than most gentlemen. Many regulars are in this community because of their laziness. If they overcome their laziness, they are quite capable of becoming the gentlemen. The Back Benchers The back benchers are just as many as the gentlemen in the class. They occupy the rear-most seats in the class and are least enthusiastic about studies. They come to class just for the attendance. They bunk the classes yet make sure that they attend the classes just enough to have their case forwarded to the board for enrollment in the exam. The back benchers come into the classroom with earphones plugged in. They listen to the songs on MP3 while the lecture is on. Some of them sleep with their heads down on the table. They are artists. Most of them sleep in a way that you cannot catch them from a distance. They hold the book high in the hands to hide the face behind that. Somebody from a distance can take a back bencher for a gentleman. They are mostly found in the cafeteria with a cup of tea in one hand and a cigarette in the other. Their most favorite topic of discussion is girls. One back bencher consults the other for ways to make friends with girls. They discuss how they spent the weekend and the plans for the upcoming weekend. The back benchers

The Python Programming Language Computer Science Essay

The Python Programming Language Computer Science Essay Wikipedia definition of Python programming language is as followed; Python is a general-purpose high level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to combine remarkable power with very clear syntax, and its standard library is large and comprehensive. Its use of indentation for block delimiters is unusual among popular programming languages. Python supports multiple programming paradigms (primarily object oriented, imperative, and functional) and features a fully dynamic type system and automatic memory management. Python is often used as a scripting language.and Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly, it also integrate your systems more successfully. Python is a powerful programming language that is used in a wide variety of application domains. Python is often compared to Perl, Ruby or Java. Some of its key features are: Fans of Python use the phrase batteries included to describe the standard library, which covers everything from asynchronous processing to zip files. The language itself is a flexible powerhouse that can handle practically any problem domain. Build your own web server in three lines of code. Build flexible data-driven code using Pythons powerful and dynamic introspection capabilities and advanced language features such as meta-classes, duck typing and decorators. Python lets you write the code you need quickly. And, thanks to a highly optimized byte compiler and support libraries, Python code runs more than fast enough for most applications. Python also comes with complete documentation, both integrated into the language and as separated web pages. Online tutorials target both the seasoned programmer and the newcomer. All are designed to make you productive quickly. The availability of first-rate book completes the learning package.and[2]and The programme I have chosen to compare against Python is Cobra. In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting between the two programming software. On comparison, I have found Cobra has a more compile-time in regards to the error checking time. I believe Cobra saves time when it comes to reporting more than one error at one time. Cobra allows simple local variable assignment, which is very similar to Python; however with Cobra they give you a warning if they are never used. In Cobra these errors are caught at a compile-time and hardly take place during execution, like Python. Cobra believes getting them out of the way early, which will increase productivity time. Contracts have numerous benefits: They become part of the document interface to a method, showing what is expected to invoke the method and what can be relied on when the methods returns. They are technically enforced because they are executable. They catch run-time errors early when errors are still easy to diagnose. They are inherited by subclass methods so they do not need to be re-implemented (less coding). They may encourage developers to do more upfront thinking about how their classes will be used.and[3]and The problem is that Python defaults to a binary floating point type even though most numbers that people input are base 10. To help address this Python offers an additional Decimal type that computes the correct numbers, but it must be used explicitly end, some would say, awkwardly: So Cobra does the inverse, defaulting to an accurate decimal type and offering the floating point type as an option. A simple f suffix on a number such as 0.1f gives the 64-bit point value. The types are built in with the names decimal, float, float64 and float32. The type float is an alias for float64. Note that in both languages, float math operations are faster than decimal. However, most applications should prefer accuracy over speed that may not be noticeable or needed. For the other applications that really require more speed or compatibility with floating point based libraries, Cobra offers a command line option number:float64 which changes the types of literals like 1.0 and 0.5 to float64. Furthermore, Cobra provides a built-in number type which defaults to decimal but changes to float64 with this option. You can also specify -number: decimal although the letter is redundant.and[4]and Cobra complies down to machine code right out of the box. And Cobra favours static types for local variables by inferring them from their assignment. This promotes more compile-time error checking, especially when invoking library methods. But it also promotes speed. Python has solutions for improving speed for its developers: you can write some of your Python modules in C and wrap them in SWIG. You can use Pyrex. Or you can stay in Python and bring in C or C++ via Inline or Weave. But with Cobra the speed is built in from the beginning. You do not get kicked out to another language or get forced to assimilate another tool. Cobras performance is close or equal to that of C# and Java, and is therefore significantly faster than Python. Iron Python claims to be around 1.8X faster than Python, but this is still far slower than Cobra. Also, some users have found Iron Python can significantly slower than CPython and Jython.and[5]and Some applications including financial analysis, simulation, search, neural networks, games, and more require numerous CPU cycles which can cause Step2 to become a bottleneck during development. Cobra enables a tighter development cycle by offering high level coding and fast execution simultaneously. Because Cobra has no Global Interpreter Lock (GIL), it can run threads in parallel up to the number of cores available. Combined with its inherent speed, you can pack a lot of computation in one process on one computer.and[6]and In regards to the syntactic improvements, Cobra shares much in common with Python: Indentation denotes code blocks List literals Dictionary literals Print statement Assert statement For foo in bar Slicing And more But Cobra does not strive to be backwards compatible with Python. This opens the door to some improvements. Cobra allows embedding expressions in string literals-often called interpolated strings in other languages. This turns every string literal into a mini-templating language.and[7]and The Cobra compiler is implemented in Cobra. This means that the entire time the implementers are maintaining Cobra, they are using Cobra. This really tightens up the feedback loop on usability and bugs. This is in contrast to most other languages that are typically implemented in some other language. That practice greatly reduces the time that the language maintainers spend using their own language.and[8]and These disadvantages to using Cobra are: Documentation needs expansion. Cobra classes are not malleable at runtime like Python classes are. Like all budding languages, some people will pass over Cobra because it is new and, therefore, not yet popular. Fortunately, many people do not balk at newness as evidenced by the fact that many new languages of the past have gained popularity after their introduction, including Python and C#. The same will happen for Cobra, in time. Cobra is not yet available for JVM.and[9]and My overall thoughts of both Python and Cobra programming language, after researching for hours, I came to the conclusion that although Cobra is the better programming language it is not as established as Python, as of yet. Cobra offers a lot more for the user compared to Python. However saying that, I have only used the Python programming language software, so I can not give an answer as a user. Although from all the research I had come across, I still believe that Cobra would be a better programming language to use.

Born in Yorkshire in 1934, Alan Bennett. :: English Literature

Born in Yorkshire in 1934, Alan Bennett. Born in Yorkshire in 1934, Alan Bennett has been writing, performing and directing since his first theatrical encounters as a student at Oxford in the early 1960's. He first gained success at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and later, in collaboration with Dudley Moore, Peter Cooke and Jonathan Miller, enjoyed considerable acclaim with the original Beyond the Fringe. (www.museum.tv. Accessed 26/01/03) Alan Bennett is the archetypal Northerner, his bespeckled, dour appearance make him an unlikely celebrity and he would not look out of place as a slightly muddled professor or, as Bennett himself observes, a vicar. He says on the subject of appearances 'people often end up doing what the mirror tells them they are suited for, while feeling themselves quite different inside. And in the process whole lives are thrown away' (Observer.co.uk. Accessed 21/01/03) Bennett writes about ordinary people, involved in mundane activities, but with his unique style he can liven up the dullest tale and add interest to life's lonely outcasts. Although the stories in Talking Heads are fiction, it is easy to see that some are influenced from events in Bennett's early life. His mother suffered from depression and he uses his experience of mental illness as a core for some of his characters. As he says, the people he writes about are 'part of a story to the meaning of which they are not entirely privy' (Observer.co.uk. Accessed 21/01/03) A reflection of Bennett's own sexuality can be seen in the character of Graham in A Chip in the Sugar, who is portrayed as an uncomfortable homosexual. Bennett described his sexuality during an interview in the New Yorker in 1993 thus 'I'd always been in love with guys but always unhappily' (Observer.co.uk. Accessed 21/01/03) Although not included in the collections of Talking Heads, the concept actually started with 'A Woman of No Importance', which was first televised in 1982. It began the trend that Bennett carried on in both Talking Heads 1 and 2. Both of these compilations contain works with similar themes running through them, loneliness, unhappiness, alienation from a changed society, and vague mental illness. The ironic wit Bennett uses to convey the almost tragic stories are central to how the characters accept the way their lives have turned out (www.museum.tv. Accessed 21/01/03) The theme of loneliness and alienation from a changed society runs like a thread through all six of the first Talking Heads stories. Each of the characters portray a struggle to 'fit in' with everyday life, some are alone and lonely, and some in a relationship of some kind, yet still lonely. The gentle humour used in each of the tales makes

Local Football Study Essay

In Peterborough the first way in which people access football is through their school, either through the school lesson, school clubs or school club links. The aim of the school curriculum is to give people a chance to play certain sports, mainly at a low level of performance, if the student wished to improve performance this is the point they would make use of the school’s club links. Another role schools take in providing provision in football is providing competitive matches between other schools in the area and occasionally a bit further out. This role is taken on by the PSSP, which is the Peterborough school sports partnership. The PSSP arranges fixtures within the city, the PSSP has many coaches in which to help a performer’s development and to help people just starting the sport. Peterborough has a pretty comprehensive local football system ranging from Under 9’s to senior level. The main junior leagues in the area are the Peterborough Junior Alliance League and the Peterborough and District Youth League. Peterborough Junior Alliance League Leagues Cups Under 9’s – 3 Divisions Under 9 League Cup Under 10’s – 3 Divisions Under 10 League Cup Under 11’s – 3 Divisions Under 11 League Cup Under 12’s – 3 Divisions Under 12 League Cup Under 13’s – 3 Divisions Under 13 PFA Cup Under 14’s – 3 Divisions Under 14 League Cup Peterborough and District Youth League Leagues Cups Under 15’s 3 Divisions League Cup, Hunts cup Under 16’s 3 Divisions League Cup, Hunts cup Under 18’s 3 Divisions League Cup, Hunts cup I cannot be critical of these leagues because they provide good, structured competitive football for everyone and varied abilities. Every age group has 3 divisions because of this I would say you can play competitive football no matter what skill level you play at. Although there is one way I could criticise these league because the league finishes late in February which is a huge gap until the new start in September, if this was my league I would increase the length of the season to allow the players to compete more often without the massive gap. High quality football locally is limited. This is only the third year the Peterborough centre of excellence has been running after it was shut down 6 years ago due to lack of funding at the club. This gap caused many good standard players to look elsewhere for further development in football. In Peterborough are only small amounts of disability football. There is one disabled football club for senior and junior age groups in Peterborough the clubs is called ‘Netherton United’. The closest disabled league is ran in Cambridge. The junior league in the area is the â€Å"Cambridge Ability Counts League†, This league enables competitive opportunities for disability teams. The league allows all disabled players to take part in structured games against other teams across the county. The league consists of festivals throughout the season with scores being made into a league table. Histon Hornets, Wisbech St Marys, Castle, Cambs Deaf Utd, St Ives Rangers and Netherton Utd all take part in the fixtures. There is also a disabled league for senior players, which is the Eastern Region Ability Counts League. There is a lot of provision for womens football in Peterborough. There are quite a few teams all ranging in ability levels, with the top team being Peterborough ladies and the lower ends being teams such as Netherton United. There is quite a few leagues that the teams in the area play in, both for juniors and seniors. The problem is though that these leagues also incorporate teams from further afield meaning more travel is required, however this can also be advantageous as the quality of opponent will be greater. There are 4 junior leagues in the area in which city team’s play in. * Cambridgeshire girl’s league * Weetabix league for women * Fenland Girls Chocà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ League * The Primary and Secondary school league The Football foundation is the main source of funding for Local Football teams, here are some of their initiatives: * Capitol Project Scheme * Goal Post Safety Scheme * Junior Kit Scheme An example of funding locally would be Hampton FC. Hampton Football Club has a variety of sponsors. The club ranges from under 8’s to under 18’s, each age group at the club have different sponsors. Overall the club is sponsored by Serpentine Green, who have sponsored the club and brought the club kit since 2OO7. Facilities for the lower level of performance are relatively strong in Peterborough. There is lots of local Sunday league football clubs that have good facilities in the area, a brilliant example of this would be Netherton United’s facilities at the grange. There are also facilities that are council owned in the area, for example bushfield astro turf and Powerleague, which has numerous 5 a side leagues. Peterborough doesn’t have any great facilities. There is not a lot of high level coaching in the local area; however there is alot of coaching at community level. So for a player that has just had just taken up the sport there are many coaches but the problems come when a player is looking to improve as a performer. High quality coaching in Peterborough is very limited with Peterborough and Cambridge united having the only development centres in the city. Peterborough’s local FA are committed to promoting and developing referees and refereeing the County, Cambridgeshire FA and Huntingdon FA offer courses for new referees throughout the year. Bibliography:http://www.vivacity-peterborough.com/sport-and-leisure/sports-development/what-we-do/funding-for-sport/mars-in-the-community/ http://www.thefa.com/GetIntoFootball/FindAClub? http://www.footballleagueadmin.com/pdfl/ http://www.pjal.co.uk/ http://www.thefa.com/ http://www.huntsfa.com/splash.aspx http://www.ladiessoccer.co.uk/products.asp http://www.hampton-footballclub.co.uk/ http://www.peterboroughssp.co.uk/ http://www.cambridgeshirefa.com/Development/DisabilityFootball/CambridgeshireAbilityCountsLeague/ http://www.sheffieldfa.com/Development/Funding/JKS/ http://www.powerleague.co.uk/

Economics Essays - Unemployment, News Media, Mass Media, Economy

Economics Essays - Unemployment, News Media, Mass Media, Economy Economics Discussion Board 1The recession of 2007-2009 has impacted many industries, but few have been hit as hard as the newspaper industry. From a loss of subscribers to a loss in advertising revenue, print newspapers are experiencing economic change unlike any other time in history. Last year, Denver?s Rocky Mountain News stopped publishing in February, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer ceased printing their publication and converted to an online-only format in March (and in the process, laid off 145 of their 165 employees), McClatchy Co., owner of the Miami Herald, announced in March it was cutting 1,600 jobs and reduce wages throughout the company, and even the venerable New York Times made a deal to sell its share of its headquarters and lease it back, raising a much needed $225 million in the process. These are just a few of the many examples of hard times in this industry. Why do you think the newspaper industry has been hit so hard? What sources do you use to get news? Why? Do you subscribe to a local paper, and if so, do you receive a print copy or receive it electronically How have changes in the news industry affected unemployment? Discuss how changes in this industry have resulted in not only cyclical unemployment, but also frictional and structural unemployment. Statistically 168 million adults read a newspaper in print or online in the past 7 days and 112 million adults read a printed newspaper on Sunday mornings. But in today's society as young teens and kids get older, they do not have the habit or the desire to read the newspaper. In the recent years, the popularity of the world wide web has increased and any sort of information has been made computer friendly. 57% of consumers use newspaper websites for local online information and 75 million visitors have been to a newspaper website in the last month. Personally speaking, i would prefer to use and read the news online from my laptop. It is just simply quicker and easier to use. Most websites whether it be msn news, yahoo new, or google news can all be found just a click away. Not only are different newspapers only a click away but also they are free. A well experienced web user can find most information for free online. Because of this i do not and would not subscribe to a local paper. Newspaper websites are number 1 in 22 of the top 25 markets. As the online industry continues to rise, the news industry begins to fall and unemployment rate also increases due to the decrease in demand for workers for newspaper printing. Not only is it cyclical unemployment but also frictional unemployment because as the industry falls, newspaper workers will have a need to search for a new job which pays more in order to support him/herself. This is also structural unemployment because when searching for a new job, different skills are requir ed, and in the newspaper industry your skills are limited and so finding a new job may be quite impossible.

Issues in Criminal Law Essay Example

Issues in Criminal Law Essay Example Issues in Criminal Law Essay Issues in Criminal Law Essay Issues in Criminal Law Name: Course: Instructor: Date: Issues in Criminal Law 1. Solicitation, with reference to United States laws, implies the crime that involves an incipient offense that constitutes an individual offering finances or influencing another person to execute a crime with the explicit intent that the individual solicited commit the crime (Herring, 2007). An example of criminal solicitation is prostitution. Prostitution involves collecting money from clients as payment for providing sexual services. It is considered a solicitation on the part of the client who offers financial incentives in exchange for sexual services. Furthermore, under United States laws, prostitution is a criminal offence thus solicitation is evident where the client influences the prostitute to commit an established criminal offence. Another crime that is considered solicitation is contract killing. Murder is a criminal offense under state laws, thus hiring a person to commit such an offense is solicitation because the hired killer has been influenced to engage in a crimina l act, and thus both are guilty. However, the complexity of solicitation has necessitated the need to include corroboration requirements by some states. The requirements are designed to deal with the potential injustices arising from solicitation charges. The corroboration requirements direct that the respective state substantiate its indictment by presenting extrinsic evidence to uphold the solicitor’s intent to advocate for criminal activity. The limitations are used by several states whereby solicitation charges need the corroboration of two witnesses or a single witness plus substantiating circumstances. For instance, the state of Iowa requires that the corroboration be demonstrated by clear and persuasive evidence. The state of North Dakota requires that the solicitant commit an evident act in advancement of the stated crime in retort to the solicitation (Herring, 2007). 2. Some conspiracy statutes insist on the production of evidence ascribing to the overt act by one of the co-conspirators. However, such a stipulation goes beyond the conventional designation of solicitation since it makes its elements bear a resemblance to those associated with conspiracy and attempt. Furthermore, other states have approved similar punishment for solicitation as conspiracy and even ratified sanctions that are indistinguishable to those for the accomplished crime, providing exception only for severe offences. Despite changing what constitutes solicitation, there is justification for such a requirement in the solicitant act. This is because solicitation is satisfactorily detrimental to the public hence it requires punishment without consideration to its repercussions. However, not every legal case requires the evidence of an overt act by ay of the conspirators. For instance, the most common conspiracy act to be addresses by the United States Supreme Court as not requi ring an overt act is conspiracy for money laundering. The conspiracy to commit money laundering does not require evidence of an overt act in advancement of the conspiracy, since there is no commission for the inclusion of an overt act as part of the conspiracy felony (Herring, 2007). 3. The Fourth Amendment advocates for protection against irrational searches and apprehension, together with requirement of any warrant to be judicially authorized and supported by reasonable grounds by the law executors to carry out a private or property search. The amendment does not require police officers to use excessive force while in the process of searching or arresting suspected individuals. Additionally, the Fourth Amendment allows police officers to use force only when executing an arrest, which is reasonable considering the circumstances. Consequently, the force should not be excessive such that it harms or endangers the suspect in questions since it will be in violation of not only the Fourteenth Amendment but also the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishments clause. Therefore, under the Fourth Amendment, it is necessary to distinguish between the standard of reasonableness and the due process approach. Reasonableness of the force is determined by the prev ailing situations depending on the level of violence. On the other hand, the due process approach stated in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides for independent fortification to confidential contracts and hence restricting various social and economic policies (Epstein Walker, 2007). Moreover, the approach prohibits federal and state governments form depriving any individual of their privileges without due process of law. The reasonableness approach compares to the due process approach since both put the rights of people over federal and state rights with interpretation to the law. 4. The defense of property involves a person using force to protect his or her own property against a different person who is threatening to contravene on the person’s right of possession in such property. The use of force to protect property is limited compared to the use of force to defend one ’s self or other individuals. However, it is important to assert that the force used in defense of property should be reasonable. The use of lethal force to simply defend property against another person’s interference with the same property is illegal however unlawful the infringement. In contrast, deadly force can be used if there is evidence of another use of the force. The use of force requires that the one using such force be the owner of the property or be in legal possession of it to warrant him or her, the ability to use force to protect it. However, use of deadly force is not allowed where the person does not possess the property in the event of protection. Still, a person who is not the owner can defend the property but use non-lethal force. The castle doctrine refers to the legal doctrine that provides citizens of America with the rights and privileges to utilize deadly force within the restrictions of their abodes for protection. In order to use deadly force, the occupant must prove that the intruder had the intent of committing harm and had the intent of executing felony. However, the occupant must have not provoked the intruder to commit dangerous acts. Make me day rules are part of the Castle Doctrine and they are for the protection of individuals from any criminal charge arising from the use of deadly force against intruders in the occupant’s home (Epstein Walker, 2007). References Epstein, L., Walker, Thomas G. (2007). Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Rights, Liberties, and Justice. Washington, D.C., United States: CQ Press. Herring, J. (2007). Criminal law. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.

Environmental Pressures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Pressures - Essay Example As such, it is the hope of this author that by enumerating upon and elaborating with regards to the extent and level of change that these pressures entail, the reader will come to a more informed understanding of how human resources departments within the system can work to ameliorate these pressures. In this way figure 1.0 below describes these six pressures within terms of whether they are organizational in nature or environmental. Additionally, in the left-hand column, these pressures have been ranked according to the overall risk for change that this author believes that exhibit. This ranking scales from one, relatively low risk to three, relatively high risk. Figure 1.0 Organizational Environmental    Management Changes Competitor Threat Changes 3 Personnel Changes Governmental Regulations Changes 2 Internal Reporting Changes Technological Changes 1 With regards to the most potential risk and pressure, the reader can and should integrate with the understanding that management changes portend a great level of change for any organization. This level of management change not only portends pressures with regards to how workflows accomplish, but can affect the bottom line of whatever firm or organization it integrates with. This is of course due to the fact that different metrics and milestones will be exhibited by different managers. In such a way, the employees and stakeholders which must incorporate these changes will necessarily experience a certain loss of efficiency and utility during the transitional period; reflecting negatively on the overall financial strength and solidity of the organization (Hsu et al, 2010). Further down the list, individual personnel changes can affect the way in which workflow is accomplished and can place organizational pressures upon individuals that are tangentially related to whatever personnel changes have been affected. Likewise, personnel changes also have a profound impact upon the way in which financial stability is re cognized within the entity. Due to the fact that a change in workflow is necessarily demanded by personnel changes, a level of utility not dissimilar to the loss of utility mentioned with regards to management changes is realized within the organization. Similarly, internal reporting changes can place a level of pressure on the organization with regards to a new level of standardization and skill sets that are required of individual employees as compared previously. As can be seen from the above figure, the level and extent to which this pressure threatens the organization is relatively low compared to the others which have already been mentioned. Likewise, with regards to the environmental changes, the threat from outside competition necessarily ranks highest. Due to the fact that this threat is one which ultimately cannot be anticipated, it is the responsibility of human resources assets within the firm in question to seek to ameliorate this threat by ensuring that the firm and it s employees are able to integrate with current market needs and maximize efficiency and utility at each and every juncture. In such a way, the financial threat that this particular pressure implies can be massive. Due to the fact that environmental change of this magnitude can undercut the ability of a given entity to generate profits, this is necessarily been ranked as the most dangerous and powerful of the three environmental pressures listed. Following the list

Election Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Election Analysis Paper - Essay Example While Republicans had focussed their attention on the ailing economy and the proposed universal healthcare insurance taxation program, Democrats seemingly waiting on the little flaws and capitalized on them (Mathes and Presse 1). Perhaps what sold Obama candidature was the fact that he maintained close connection with the average Americans and proposed policies that most appealed to the majority. The importance of the presidential election was that it was going to determine what policies were going to be in force. Those interviewed by various media houses such as CNN had observed that the most pertinent concern for most Americans was the ailing economy which both candidates made promises to resolve once in office. While the Romney team had underplayed the Obama’s second term presidency on grounds that the next four years would be a repeat of the same policies, Obama had focussed on wooing voters that governor Romney promised to solve the problems without revealing his intended working formula (Mathes and Presse 1). Other issues that had played in the presidential race were foreign policy issues and the perceived manipulation of currency by China. Whether these issues were of primary concern to the common citizen, more than the joblessness and the healthcare program, or not, remain debatable. Even so, it emerged that security issues played a significant role in boosting Romney’s bid. Matters such the bombing of the US embassy in Libya were some of the issues that played significant role in the presidential race. This was because the initial intelligence report had blamed the attack on sporadic attacks rather than on terrorism. Therefore, as America went to the ballot in a hot contest of Obama-Biden versus Romney-Ryan, political commentators had observed that the outcome was largely unpredictable although Obama still had marginal points ahead of Romney prior to the elections. The only thing that was certain was that the difference in the outcomes wo uld not be too big for whomever candidate wins. Working with volunteers, Democrats employed the formula of early voting where varied slogans motivating people were twitted and re-twitted. Although both sides invested heavily in advertising, political observers have attributed the success of the Obama presidency to the door-to-door campaigns (Cohen 1). As election results trickled in, the prediction that political analysts had made that the outcomes would be a picture of a hotly contested poll became apparent. Obama managed to emerge triumphant over Romney to become the second democrat after Bill Clinton to win a second term since Second World War. By managing to clinch a total of 65,258,278 popular votes and 332 electoral votes against Romney’s 60,658,920 popular votes and 206 electoral votes, one may observer that Republicans did not fair so badly in the presidential vote although they lost. Again, analysts have observed that the wives of both Obama and Romney also had some contribution to the outcomes with Michelle Obama being the most popular of the presidential aspirants (Horsey 1). Probably one could ask why the elections turned out as it did and what the contributing factors were. One may observe that voters’ decision was likely to have been influenced by a number of factors. Such were issues most pertinent to the electorate as well as those for which their preferred party stood. It is interesting to