Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Wireless Technologies Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Wireless Technologies Proposal - Assignment Example As far as Wi-Fi is concerned, its standards have been established by the IEEE 802.11 (Dubendorf, 2003). This technology has gained much popularity so much so that others such as Bluetooth, IrDA and HomeRF have been deemed obsolete in most cases (Davis, 2004). Wi-Fi offers coverage of up to 50 meters and offers a speed of 7Mbps which is nearly 10 times that of Bluetooth (Dubendorf, 2003). In your company the presence of Wi-Fi would mean that there is no need to purchase equipment for connection of access points, thus saving capital costs. It has been proven that Wi-Fi offers businesses the advantages of enhanced efficiency due to speedier transfer of information between stakeholders, enhanced coverage due to on-the-move connectivity, flexibility in terms of working from home due to wireless links with the business’s database, as well as new product opportunities due to ‘hot spot’ networking (Davis, 2004). However, as is the case with most technologies, Wi-Fi is als o accompanied by its drawbacks. For instance, it is highly susceptible to security attacks by unauthorized users. There may also be issues with installation such as the interference caused by other users of radio signals within the same facility (Firestone, 2008). There may also be certain areas called ‘black spots’ where Wi-Fi offers no connectivity, hence, it is difficult to have consistent signals (Davis, 2004). Finally, your company may also have to bear in mind that Wi-Fi offers a speed lower than that of networks that are wired; hence, the ‘main’ system ought to be wired rather than wireless (Davis, 2004). As far as Bluetooth is concerned, it can be used by Party Plates to allow seamless connection of Bluetooth enabled devices including printers, scanners, cell phones, headsets, computers and keyboards within a range of 10 meters (Dubendorf, 2003). The most obvious advantage of this would be the freeing up of floor space as cables will be eliminated.
Monday, October 28, 2019
Perspective Essay Example for Free
Perspective Essay Everyone can view perspectives differently and sometimes it is hard to understand another person’s perspective. Many people do the things they do because they feel that their perspective is the right one. Personally I believe that sometimes people do not want to look at the others personal perspective because they know that they are wrong with their own. In other words, some people know what they are doing is wrong and do not want to do anything to fix it. In my perspective of being angry with my friend, I was angered that my friend who had been living with me for a week during the summer was not picking up after himself. I had to clean up all of his messes and had to make sure that our living area was not in complete disarray. It angered me because I had to clean up after him as well as myself. I feel that he should have contributed at least a little bit to our situation. We were both away from our homes and were both in the same situation and he just relied on me to be his personal â€Å"maid.†My response to this situation that I was dealing with was that I was very short tempered, and I did not want to communicate with my friend as much. He got the hint that something was wrong, but he did not have any idea about what was wrong. I tried to just blow off the situation and see if he was going to eventually start helping out, but nothing changed. Finally, I opened my mouth and told him that he needed to start helping around the place. He got super offensive and he stated, â€Å"I thought that room service was cleaning our room.†Some people expect things in life, and my friend was one of these people. My perspective changed after I looked at how this kid grew up. He had his parents and his grandma do everything for him. From doing the dishes to taking out the trash, this kid had never done a chore in his life. Sometimes you just have to look at the other person’s personal background and look at how they were raised. Of course it was not the right way to being raised, but I couldn’t control what he was used to. Problems occur in perspective taking all the time because not everyone is raised the same. Many people come from different backgrounds and different societies. We all view things differently and based on the way we were raised. Sometimes your own perspective may not be the agreeable one, and that is the hardest thing to change, especially if you grew up with it.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Camille Paglias Rape and the Modern Sex War Essay -- essays research
Camille Paglia's Rape and the Modern Sex War Camille Paglia writes the article, Rape and the Modern Sex War, which is about young women being vulnerable in today’s society against rape and how feminism has mistakenly led women to believe that they aren’t in any danger. Paglia states her opinion to women because she believes â€Å"that women are vulnerable and should be aware of the pervasiveness of rape†(83) all the time. Rape has been around for hundreds of years and the effects it has on women are life long terrifying memories. Paglia speaks to women saying that they should be ready for these situations and not be with a group of guys alone, always be with other girlfriends, and learn to take feminism out of the picture and realize that women will always be in danger.           In Paglia’s article, which I believe is a critical opinion informing women of her beliefs on sexuality, speaks mostly to college women and women in general because she believes that women should be prepared for sexual situations without consent in all circumstances no matter who they are. This is her first step in arguing her point of view on feminism, which I agree with. She wants her audience to see her point that a woman’s actions can also be held accountable in some rape situations. When a woman is by herself with a group of men getting drunk, she has put her own self in a very risky situation because she is drunk and has no control of herself and the likeliness of rape is very possible. Paglia believes that a woman should always have control of her actions all                                                                                                               2 the time and not to blame men for it is biologically programmed in their heads that they hunt, pursue, and capture, and this is said throughout their sex history (83-84).      The second part of Paglia’s argument is how she thinks misinterpretations are the women’s fault and I disagree with this point because women can walk and talk just as men and are not always to blame for being the victim. Paglia believes that feminism doesn’t see that sexual desires can be seen in how we act which means that these desires throughout our body cannot always be verbally said and this is where the miscommunication between the two sexes causes a problem. She thinks that when a woman makes a mistake she should face t... ... an attitude,                                                        4 which is firm and not a self - pitying one, which many feminist women possess, Paglia states.      Paglia didn’t use any key terms or metaphors in her article, but she uses the word feminism many times showing that men and women have equal rights, but in truth this is not correct. Men and women have some equal rights, but women are looked on as a lower standard when compared to men, and I believe this will never change.      Paglia uses different examples throughout the story and puts her thoughts into an informative essay that explains that women should be aware of what they do and learn from their mistakes regarding opposite sexual tensions and that actions aren’t always spoken but are acted sometimes because of her belief that there is that implanted part of a man which can be dangerous, which Paglia thinks is just part of a man’s identity. When a woman realizes the subject of rape and feminism is not thought of, two identities can be identified and with self control and awareness both a man and a woman can have a relationship in which each partner takes full responsibility of his or her actions.    Â
Thursday, October 24, 2019
David Malouf explores the emotional and physical struggle Essay
David Malouf explores the emotional and physical struggle a hero must face before attaining glory. Evaluate this statement. In your response discuss how two characters are represented as heroic through their quest. Heroism is a valued concept that has transcended through time and has been the subject of a great deal of literature. David Malouf’s appropriation of Homers epic The Iliad explores this notion of heroism through the characterization of King Priam, directly battling the contextual hero of the time, Achilles. Through descriptive language and stylistic conventions, Malouf showcases that it is the emotional and physical struggle that a man must face to ultimately attain glory, thus becoming a hero. This statement is epitomized through the contrasting protagonists Priam and Achilles, who are both sequentially transformed through their metaphysical journey. Malouf has deliberately structured his text in separate books, to take the readers on a journey, mapping their path to glory whilst teaching us the importance of the ordinary hero. Classically, a hero demonstrates qualities of endurance, bravery and physical prowess, epitomized by Achilles at the start of the novel. Malouf initially celebrates Achilles as a hero, being â€Å"blessed†by the Gods with supernatural abilities and a â€Å"brooding presence†, which intimidates the entire Trojan army. However, while Achilles’s training and apparent destiny is to attain glory and die â€Å"a hero’s death†, Malouf soon reveals his dissatisfaction and emotional struggle with his current disposition. In the context of Patroclus’s death and loss of family Achilles’s thumos overwhelms him, this grief accentuated through the repetition of â€Å"wept†. His killing of Hector sets his spirit â€Å"off on its own downward path†a metaphor portraying the similar downward path he experiences at this part of his journey. This search for salvation leads him to drag the body of Hector around the walls of Troy, juxtaposing his former honour, â€Å"He is their leader, but he breaks daily every rule they have been taught to live by†. Malouf manifests the struggle of Achilles and portrays his negative spiritual journey through the exploration of dark imagery, articulating upon his soul’s â€Å"corruption†, surrender to a â€Å"darker agency†and being caught in a metaphorical â€Å"clogging grey web†. Although Achilles can be considered a hero, these human traits highlight his flaws leading to a metaphysical struggle within himself, which gives Malouf scope to further develop his journey of self-discovery. This journey of struggle takes him from a grief stricken avenger to compassionate father/man/hero. Achilles is a lost hero at the end of book 1â€Å"waiting for the break†, waiting for â€Å"something†to â€Å"Break the spell†that is on him. Within Book 4 Malouf delivers Achilles’s salvation in the form of King Priam. It is here Priam implements a metaphysical journey upon Achilles, forcing him to look inward from the fatherly figures point of view, his regret captured through the metaphor â€Å"a great wave of sadness†passed by. Malouf depicts Achilles’s transformation through the imagery of â€Å"the ice cracks†, conveying the mutual understanding shared, as Achilles accepts Hector’s â€Å"honorable death†for the first time. Achilles learns a compassion for the enemy, clearing his â€Å"heart of the smoky poison†and continuing the water motif with â€Å"a cleansing emotion†¦flooded through†leaving behind his guilt and struggle. Malouf epitomizes the transformation through describing Achilles with a â€Å"lightness†which is in direct juxtaposition of the earlier dark imagery. It is clear that Achilles has been forever enlightened by Priam’s appeal, finding a â€Å"balance†between his conflicting dual nature. Malouf ends this quest as Achilles regains his warrior status and developed the absent qualities of integrity, compassion and honour â€Å"in the very breath of the gods, of the true Achilles, the one he has come all this way to find†. This quote further integrates the epic convention of the god’s intervention, undermining Iris’s initial â€Å"concept of chance†developing the theme of destiny. Through changing the perspective of the book from Achilles to Priam, Malouf is able to encapsulate the quest and transformation from king to man. Hector’s death acts as a catalyst, sparking the old king to leave his golden cage. In this claustrophobic setting, Priam instinctively feels denied true companionship with his fellow man. This is amplified through the shallowness of the relationship he and his son shared, which is felt all the more acutely in the context of Hector’s death. Priam, through an epiphany brought upon by the gods decides to break free, envisioning â€Å"himself †¦ dressed in a plain white robe without ornament†into Archilles camp to ransom the and bring home the body of his son. This vision has elements of the heroic, in risking his life, and undertaking what has â€Å"never been done before†in the annals of Troy. When convincing his family of the proposition to ransom Hector, Priam’s argument is reinforced through the repetition of â€Å"I believe†. It is Priam’s journey that transforms his life from the artificial â€Å"kingly sphere†to one attaining real feelings and emotion. Books 2 and 3 change the perspective from Achilles to Priam, where Malouf encapsulates Priam’s quest from king to man. Hector’s death acts as a catalyst, sparking Priam to transform from his passive and â€Å"symbolic†role of king to a man feeling â€Å"bold†and â€Å"defiant†. Tiring of his life of isolation, Priam’s epiphany of â€Å"himself †¦ dressed in a plain white robe without ornament†heading into Archilles camp to ransom the body of his son is heroic. It challenges all convention, contains high ideals and involves risk of life, a quest of glory. Priam must first struggle with his wife, then his children and councilors â€Å"you expect that jackal†¦ to be moved by this touching pantomine? †rhetorical questioning emphasizing yet again the constraints of his kingly realm. The introduction of Somax as the metaphor of the ordinary man allows Priam to reconnect with basic values such as â€Å"interest†and â€Å"curiosity†. This relationship is an essential part of Priam’s journey, as he gains an understanding of the â€Å"outside world†developing into a real man and father. Malouf uses simile and irony when comparing Priam to a â€Å"toddler†as he is the king yet Somax is the adult in the relationship. By making Priam the child, Malouf demon`strates how far Priam must travel in his journey of self-discovery. Within book 4 the climax of Priam’s journey takes place, as he confronts the murderer of his son. From the very moment he enters the Greek camp the gods clearly support Priam, as the portal gate was moved by some â€Å"invisible agency†. This epic convention is further developed by Malouf as Priam’s sudden ability to speak well becomes a strength â€Å"Would your father†¦not do the same for you? †appealing to Achilles’s humanity through rhetorical questioning. Here Priam’s physical and emotional strength shines through, as the final product of his heroic quest has been developed â€Å"I have come to you†¦man to man†¦for the body of my son†epitomizing his newfound endurance, bravery and compassion. Through the mutual bond of fatherhood the reader observes Priam’s transformation from a â€Å"child†to a man able to leave the great Achilles begging â€Å"No more! Please! †Malouf takes Priam on an emotional and physical struggle, who ultimately attains glory through reducing himself into the ordinary man â€Å"the I is different†¦I come as a man of sorrow†¦ but also as a hero of a deed that†¦ was never attempted. †that he himself can recognize through successfully ransoming the body of his son Hector. Priam exemplifies humility when meeting Achilles, using the strength from the gods to aid him on his noble pursuit. Now Priam must struggle with not just his emotions: he must remain strong against the physical fear of losing his life. He makes his appeal and â€Å"closes his eyes. Now he thinks, now they will strike†. Here Priam’s physical and emotional strength shines through. He is an old man, he has traveled far, he faces death at the hands of the ultimate warrior. He has braved these physical challenges while keeping a cool nerve and winning Achilles over with his simple manly dignity. Q1 Hero heroic journey Heroic qualities, how they are highlighted Literary techniques Language in an evocative manner Simple/Direct Shifts in point of view Clear images of characters Structure chronologically Malouf remains faithful to Homers Book 24 through allowing the gods to intervene in the affairs of human undermining the god Iris, showcasing that the concept of â€Å"chance†was Achilles could never have dreamt that the special something would come to him in the form of plainly dressed King Priam, Malouf is clearly faithful to Homers book 24, drawing upon similar epic conventions when delving into Priam’s quest of self-discovery, implementing the feeble old king to effectively challenge the depiction of heroes. Malouf is clearly faithful to Homers book 24, drawing upon similar epic conventions when delving into Priam’s quest for glory, effectively challenging the depiction of heroes. The idea of glory is explored in depth in the novel Ransom. It is clear from the novel that the concept of â€Å"attaining glory†is subjective. Glory could be a high level of reknown peers, or in the case of Priam and Achilles achieving honour that they themselves can recognize.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Hugh Hefner Essay
Hugh Hefner was an extraordinary innovator, entrepreneur and revolutionist. The sex obsessed pop culture and generation can recognize the seed of its foundation for being planted by a man who chose to do as he wished. Still yet to be uprooted despite its negative nature, the media has embraced sex as a great advertisement. Hugh Hefner fits into a special category of leadership called transformational. Transformational leaders enhance their followers’ morale and performance through various avenues and that’s exactly what Mr. Hefner completed. In a world where public indecency was frowned upon and sexual behaviors were kept behind closed doors, Hugh Hefner did the unthinkable. Although Hefner was successful in his career, he was not always proactive. During his early years, Hugh Hefner was called unenthusiastic by his professors and teachers. Surprisingly, that is a key is a key element to any type of leadership, positive or negative. Luckily that attribute developed for Mr. Hefner which enabled him to become a great professional and businessman. Later on Hugh Hefner served in the United States army for two years and resigned in 1946. During his time in the army Mr. Hefner did not exhibit great leadership skills as well. It would seem that Hugh Hefner was not born a leader according to the text. Though he was blessed with traits of the Great Man theories, he lacked skill and application of leadership. After Hugh Hefner’s retirement from the army he enrolled in college at the University of Illinois. Hugh Hefner was not a very involved student during his college career but he managed to land a job at the widely know Esquire Magazine corporation. Starting off as a typewriter, Mr. Hefner worked his way to become a publicist, b ut quit after he was denied a five dollar raise. That attitude showed the Hugh Hefner was detrimined to make money and was not taking no for an answer. It all started when Hugh was taking a few graduate sociology courses at Northwestern University; he wrote a paper about the Kinsey report, which produced a more open discussion of sexual acts in America. Mr. Hefner is widely known as the greatest bachelor of all time due to his Playboy magazine which first launched in December 1953. After Mr. Hefner’s first publications began to sale featuring Marilyn Monroe, the critics stepped in. Even though earning a staggering forty three million dollars in net worth feels great, it does not come easily. While people called Mr. Hefner things like pervert and degenerate, his money began to speak and people began to listen. Soon those criticizing words changed into rebel and genius. It was a terrific time to release a new sexy magazine right after the great depression. People needed something to get their minds off of the economy and nothing does that better than sex. Playboy magazine was named after an automobile company in Chicago because Hugh Hefner thought it resembled high class and high class is what he became. As CEO and owner of Playboy magazine Mr. Hefner is in a class of his own. Mr. Hefner being himself and sticking to an idea that fought so much controversy at its time of creation represents volume to his authentic style of leadership. Hugh Hefner has been an icon and trendsetter in the Anglo culture and will be remember for a long time. He shaped media and transformed it into something new. Professional Hugh Hefner is an icon of business and entrepreneurship but how does the common American view him? Though Hugh Hefner has made great contributions in business, what has his efforts done to society? With most great businessmen there reaches a debate of morality and ethics. On the side of business you have a man that transformed mass media and produced more revenue. While on the side of morality you have a man that made a country lustful mainstream sex addicts. The real question is that what can you classify Mr. Hefner as; pseudo transformational or transformational? Was his personal achievement worth the so called â€Å"perversion†of media? In the business aspect, sex is the most widely used form of advertising since the release of Playboy and yes it sells. The term sex sells means as true statement. People want to feel sexy and the want to feel attractive, so if a product is conveying that message then why not buy it? The level of sexual content in advertisements has definitely got out of control since the 60s but there are more channels of communication in media now. Some individuals may say that Mr. Hefner is not responsible for everybody’s’ actions. The opposition could say that leaders, especially transformational ones are the ground breakers and innovators who people follow. It is true that Hefner brought change to marketing and media because that’s what transformational leaders do; they bring change. Other than his external impact on society as a businessman Hugh Hefner’s internal love for his employees will always be remembered. The famous Playboy mansion is home to all of Hefner’s employees if wanted. Each Playboy bunny is given a salary and has virtually no living expenses under Hefner’s management. While living in the playboy mansion, institutional collectivism is greatly reinforced. According to the Michigan University studies Hugh Hefner would produce an employee oriented management. His high consideration for his employees would back that statement. As a leader, living with your bottom level employees is a noble deed and shows his openness as a leader. The technical term for that practice is called authentic leadership and Mr. Hefner is just that. From an outward perspective it seems as if working for Mr. Hefner has a lot of positives. It would appear that all employees would be considered as members of the in group but the everyday relationship between him and his employees is uncertain. He created an environment where people could feel like they were trusted at the Playboy mansion. Mr. Hefner did not stop with a just a magazine, he created an enterprise and true corporation. Like a real entrepreneur Mr. Hefner added on a hotel, trademark clothing accessories and clubs. Though most of his projects were unsuccessful, Playboy still remained profitable due to the success of the magazine. Further analysis of Mr. Hefner as businessman is important to understand if an individual wants to critique his leadership abilities. Throughout the years many studies have taken place on leadership and Hugh Hefner proves most correct. Under a diagnostic of the three skill approach created by Katz in 1955 Mr. Hefner would be a great example of upper level management. As we know, human skills are required in all levels of management. This shows the important of communication in organization. If a person lacks good communication skills most likely they will not be an effective businessman. According to Katz’s theory, top level management requires a high level of conceptual thinking. Luckily Mr. Hefner was granted a 152 on his IQ test, so quick problem solving capabilities come naturally to him. As far as technical skills, Mr. Hefner definitely possesses them but now he does not have to continue using them in his current position. Referring back to Katz’s theory, upper level management does not need technical skills because their job now involves overseeing the company to fit standard and tradition. However, one could see a flaw in that people will not respect someone who is above them but cannot complete every task at hand. Fortunately, that is not a problem for Hugh Hefner having work for a rival magazine which he eventually overcame in market share. Hugh Hefner according to the skills model possessed most if not all the individual attributes and competencies which manifested great leadership outcomes. There is no doubt that Mr. Hefner obtained both general and crystallized cognitive abilities through traits and education. It would appear that his motivation came from monetary value as a lot of great businessmen. Hence him quitting his job at Esquire only to create a better magazine and more revenue in his bank account. His competencies were second nature due to his genius level IQ and out came one of the greatest bachelors and entrepreneurs of all time. In 1959, two brilliant young men Raven and French created the five bases of social power. The five bases is a great way to analyze Mr. Hefner’s impact socially within the company of Playboy. Hugh Hefner’s main sources of social power came from referent, expert, legitimate and reward. Hugh Hefner uses expert social power because he has a great understanding and knowledge of the magazine industry, which he has been working in for over 60 years now. He has legitimate power because he was once the CEO, but still owns the company. Mr. Hefner definitely tries to show off his reward power with to his employees with free lavish living at the Playboy mansion. Further into his career Hugh Hefner suffered a stroke that could have ended fatally. Due to his stroke, Mr. Hefner passed down Playboy enterprises to Christie Hefner, his daughter which had been working for Playboy in the editorial staff. Like a real leader Mr. Hefner never stepped down and still serves on the executive board. His love and compassion for his company kept it going strong while he led by example. Mr. Hefner will be remembered as a lot of things but one of them is undeniable, he is a true leader. Hugh Hefner was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the American Society of Magazine Editors in 1998 and also received the Henry Johnson Fisher award, which is the highest award for a magazine publisher in America. Since retirement Hugh Hefner has spent most of his time doing philanthropy.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Power in Employee Relation
Power in Employee Relation Introduction Kelly (1998, p. 88) notes that ‘power is perhaps the most widely used concept in the field of industrial relations, yet little research on the subject of power either theoretically or empirically has been done, â€Å"†¦.to the extent that it now represents a major theoretical lacuna (gap) within the discipline (Kirkbride 1985, p. 44).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Power in Employee Relation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rose (2004, p. 6) defines power as â€Å"†¦ the extent to which one party to a relationship can compel the other to do something he otherwise would not do voluntarily†. Employment relationships, according to Rose (2004, p. 8) it refers to â€Å"†¦the study of the regulation of the employment relationship between employer and employee, both collectively and individually, and the determination of substantive and procedural issues at organizational and work place levels.†The paper critically examines the importance and implications of power in employment relationships, its comparison to policy and the inherent conflicts. Literature Review The players in employee relations theory include employers and managers, employer representatives, employees and workers, employee representatives, the state, its agencies and other supra -national bodies. Faber Dunlop (1958, p. 28) pioneered the systems approach’. He defines it as a sub system within the industrial society. â€Å"†¦an analytical subsystem of society†. By this definition, power becomes a consequence of distribution of power in a bigger society. Kirkbride (1985, p. 47) criticizes this definition on three grounds: it ignores any critical investigation into the processes of power within industrial relations. The systems approach rejects the importance of behavioral processes in favor of structural processes (102). Furthermore, the systems approach creates a po ssibility of conflict within the industrial relations because it does not recognize opposition (Poole 1981, p. 75).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unitary theory assumes that there is no possibility of opposition because the organization body is viewed as one integrated family, bound together by the values of the organization. Power as a concept is neglected by the unitary approach (Kirkbride 1985, p. 46). Action theory gives recognition to the theory of power in industrial relations â€Å"†¦it focuses on the relative power of the parties in the exchange relationship†Kirkbride (1985, p. 45). Though it lacks a definite form, two branches of analysis are clear, analysis of decision making of the various players in the industrial relations framework and of the interaction between the players. However, it fails to elaborate how an agreement is reached dur ing the bargaining process. It has restricted focus on the negotiating table. The major strong point of the action theory is that it focuses on behavioral theory. Because of the inherent weakness on the negotiation table, it does neglect the possibility of conflict within the different organizations in the industrial relations frame work (Clarke 1977b, p. 109). Pluralist theory assumes distinct sectional groups within an organization, each with competing interests. Through joint regulation or collective bargaining, Flanders (1970, p. 19) argues that the diverse and competing interests can be regulated. Hyman (1975, p. 69), argues that pluralist focus on regulation conceals the firmness of power in the process of industrial relations. He asserts that employment relationship â€Å"†¦can never be frozen in a single rule.†However, it is rather dynamic and changing. The Marxist Perspective emphasizes the issue of power (Glaser Strauss 1967, p. 71). According to the Marxist, since the capital owners own the means of production, they have more wealth and therefore have advantage over the suppliers of labor. When there is a larger pool of labor, capital is at an advantage because the labor supply exceeds its demand, the labor price is low. Hyman (1975, p. 72) observes, â€Å"It is true that the possession of scarce skills, or the existence of a tight labor market may help lessen the imbalance. Hyman (1975, p. 75) observes â€Å"for a while the powers of the employer are enormous he is at the same time dependent on his labor force.†Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Power in Employee Relation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Capital may be dependent upon labour in a number of ways; the Marxist position points that the relationship between capital and labor may continuously fluctuate. The Marxist perspective offers a useful perspective into the analysis of power and employee relation s. However, his view of power as a zero-sum game phenomenon and failure to develop power at micro level attract criticism (Kirkbride 1985, p. 47). Discussion Employment relations is the contemporary term for industrial relations, the theoretical perspectives and the way their points of view can has been discussed in the literature reviews. Modern management approaches today strike a balance between unitary and pluralism. The approach chosen depends on the employee relations climate. When trade union power is low, management makes the decision, when union power is high, then negotiation and consultation are adopted (Purcell Sisson 1983, p. 210). The bargaining power of the unions can be estimated based on membership density, strike frequency statistics, bargaining outcomes, structural factors and leadership. The 21 century has witnessed a decline in both union strength and influence due to the shift from manufacturing to services in the developed world. The smaller workspace in the service sector has hindered union organization and recruitment. Even though, employees still have a voice- â€Å"a whole variety of processes and structures which enable and at a times empower, employees, directly and indirectly to contribute to decision making in the firm†(Boxall Purcell 2003, p. 162). The employees can air their voice formally and informally, directly or through representation, collectively or individually depending on the intention. Some forms of employee voices are bottom-up arising from a desire among the employees to be listened to. In most cases however, management often initiates the modalities for employee voice either out of pressure from employees or as a strategy to be more inclusive. Dundon Rollinson (2007, p. 121) call the difference between how much influence employees report have over management decisions and how much influence they would like to have, the â€Å"representative gap†.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wilkinson et al. (2004, p. 306) acknowledged four categories of employee involvement and participation that give employees varying levels of power in their work places; downward communication, upward problem solving, representative participation, and financial participation. Downward communication is a top- down strategy communication from management to employees, for example, through newsletters, notice boards among others. It does not give the employees much power. Upward problem solving empowers the employees to improve work processes. They suggest solutions to specific problems and this gives them great possession over decisions. Under representative participation, the employees interest are represented by their leaders (elected workers representatives) (McBride 2004, p. 82). It provides employees with some degree of influence over a number of issues such as work councils and advisory councils. Trade union representation often has a greater power over decisions because failure t o respect employees views can result in industrial action. Collective bargaining, refer to joint regulation of specific aspects of the employment relationship between employers and recognized trade union representatives (Faber Dunlop 1958, p. 56). Workers capitalize on their solidarity that gives them a stronger bargaining position against management. They focus on substantive issues like payment and conditions of work. Finally, according to Marchington et al. (1992, p. 63), financial participation, allows the employees to have financial share in the firm. Strauss (2006) asserts that financial participation compliments voice initiatives. It seeks to develop long term relationships between the employees and their employer by linking the overall firms success with an individual reward. They include employee share ownership, sharing of profits and payment of bonuses. In conclusion, it is clear that the concept of power in employee relation has evolved over time. List of References Cla rke, J., 1977b. Workers in the Tyneside Shipyards in McCord, N. (Ed) (1977) Essays in Tyneside Labour. History. Newcastle: Department of Humanities. Dundon, T., and Rollinson D. 2007. Understanding Employment Relations. McGraw Hill: Maidenhead. Faber, F., and Dunlop J., 1958. Industrial Relations Systems. New York: Holt. Flanders, A 1970, Management and Unions: The Theory and Reform of Industrial Relations. Glaser, B., and Strauss A. 1967. The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine. Hyman, R. 1975. Industrial relations: A Marxist introduction. London: Macmillan. Kelly, J., 1998. Rethinking Industrial Relations: Mobilization, Collectivism and Long Waves. London: Routledge. Kirkbride, P. 1985. Power in industrial relations research. Industrial Relations Journal, vol.16, pp. 44-56. McBride, J. 2004. Renewal or resilience? the persistence of shop steward organization in the Tyneside maritime construction industry. London: Capital Class. Poole, M., 1981. Theories of Trade Unionis m: A Sociology of Industrial Relations. Routledge Kegan Paul. Rose, E. 1994. The Disorganized Paradigm British Industrial Relations in the 1990s. Employee Relations, vol. 16, no.1, pp. 27-40. Wilkinson, A et al. 2004. Changing patterns of employee voice: Case studies from the UK and Republic of Ireland. The Journal of Industrial Relations, vol.46 no.3 pp. 298–322.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Free Essays on John Gotti
The American gangster has become as American as †¦say†¦apple pie! For decades people have both marveled at and been reviled by this genre of criminal activity in the United States. Few organized crime figures have completely captured the attention of the public as John Gotti has over the past 20 years. We have had our celebrity mobsters in the past. Underworld figures like Al â€Å"Scarface†Capone and Jack â€Å"Legs†Diamond captured the public’s fascination during the 1920s. In the 1930s it was a different brand of criminal that became popular. Bank robbers like John Dillinger, â€Å"Pretty Boy†Floyd, and â€Å"Baby Face†Nelson were the rage of what was known as the Mid-West Crime Wave. The 1940s brought us Benjamin â€Å"Bugsy†Siegel and the killers of Murder, Inc. Along with the glamour these individuals provided, their murders made for exciting front-page headlines, not to mention sensational photographs. While there were no prominent names during the 1950s, that decade nevertheless brought organized crime to the forefront, due to the efforts of law enforcement. It began with the televised Kefauver hearings in the early 1950s and made a big splash with the infamous Appalachin conclave in 1957. The turbulent 1960s passed none too quickly with its political / sociological upheaval and in gangland we saw for the first time warring within the various crime families – the Gallo / Profaci War and the Banana War. As the 1970s dawned gangsters began not only vying for newspaper headlines, but now television airtime. Mortal mob enemies â€Å"Crazy Joe†Gallo and Joseph Colombo were the media targets of New York City and the city knew how to promote them. Both flamboyant characters would meet brutal, albeit well-publicized endings. By the mid-1980s federal law agencies, with the help of local law enforcement, began to dismantle organized crime families across the country. In the midst of this effort, John Gotti stepped fo... Free Essays on John Gotti Free Essays on John Gotti The American gangster has become as American as †¦say†¦apple pie! For decades people have both marveled at and been reviled by this genre of criminal activity in the United States. Few organized crime figures have completely captured the attention of the public as John Gotti has over the past 20 years. We have had our celebrity mobsters in the past. Underworld figures like Al â€Å"Scarface†Capone and Jack â€Å"Legs†Diamond captured the public’s fascination during the 1920s. In the 1930s it was a different brand of criminal that became popular. Bank robbers like John Dillinger, â€Å"Pretty Boy†Floyd, and â€Å"Baby Face†Nelson were the rage of what was known as the Mid-West Crime Wave. The 1940s brought us Benjamin â€Å"Bugsy†Siegel and the killers of Murder, Inc. Along with the glamour these individuals provided, their murders made for exciting front-page headlines, not to mention sensational photographs. While there were no prominent names during the 1950s, that decade nevertheless brought organized crime to the forefront, due to the efforts of law enforcement. It began with the televised Kefauver hearings in the early 1950s and made a big splash with the infamous Appalachin conclave in 1957. The turbulent 1960s passed none too quickly with its political / sociological upheaval and in gangland we saw for the first time warring within the various crime families – the Gallo / Profaci War and the Banana War. As the 1970s dawned gangsters began not only vying for newspaper headlines, but now television airtime. Mortal mob enemies â€Å"Crazy Joe†Gallo and Joseph Colombo were the media targets of New York City and the city knew how to promote them. Both flamboyant characters would meet brutal, albeit well-publicized endings. By the mid-1980s federal law agencies, with the help of local law enforcement, began to dismantle organized crime families across the country. In the midst of this effort, John Gotti stepped fo...
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